Chapter 4 Part 2 Sensation and Perception Table

Chapter 4 Part 2 Sensation and Perception Table of Contents

Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objects n Reversible figures n Perceptual sets – motivational forces can foster perceptual sets n Inattentional blindness n Feature detection theory - bottom-up processing Table of Contents

Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objects n Form perception - top-down processing n Subjective contours n Gestalt psychologists: the whole is more than the sum of its parts – Reversible figures and perceptual sets demonstrate that the same visual stimulus can result in very different perceptions Table of Contents

Figure 4. 25 Feature analysis in form perception Table of Contents

Figure 4. 26 Bottom-up versus top-down processing Table of Contents

Figure 4. 27 Subjective contours Table of Contents

Principles of Perception n Gestalt principles of form perception: – figure-ground, proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, and simplicity n Recent research: – Distal (stimuli outside the body) vs. proximal (stimulus energies impinging on sensory receptors) stimuli – Perceptual hypotheses • Context Table of Contents

Figure 4. 28 The principle of figure and ground Table of Contents

Figure 4. 29 Gestalt principles of perceptual organization Table of Contents

Figure 4. 30 Distal and proximal stimuli Table of Contents

Figure 4. 31 A famous reversible figure Table of Contents

Depth and Distance Perception n Binocular cues – clues from both eyes together – retinal disparity – convergence n Monocular cues – clues from a single eye – motion parallax – accommodation – pictorial depth cues Table of Contents

Stability in the Perceptual World: Perceptual Constancies n Perceptual constancies – stable perceptions amid changing stimuli – Size – Shape – Brightness – Hue – Location in space Table of Contents

Optical Illusions: The Power of Misleading Cues n Optical Illusions - discrepancy between visual appearance and physical reality n Famous optical illusions: Muller-Lyer Illusion, Ponzo Illusion, Poggendorf Illusion, Upside-Down T Illusion, Zollner Illusion, the Ames Room, and Impossible Figures n Cultural differences: perceptual hypotheses at work Table of Contents

Figure 4. 44 The Ames room Table of Contents

Table of Contents Figure 4. 45 Three classic impossible figures

Hearing: The Auditory System n Stimulus = sound waves (vibrations of molecules traveling in air) – Amplitude (loudness) – Wavelength (pitch) – Purity (timbre) n Wavelength described in terms of frequency: measured in cycles per second (Hz) – Frequency increase = pitch increase Table of Contents

Figure 4. 47 Sound, the physical stimulus for hearing Table of Contents