Chapter 4 Organizational Patterns Reading Across the Disciplines

Chapter 4: Organizational Patterns Reading Across the Disciplines: College Reading and Beyond, 3/e Kathleen Mc. Whorter © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

In this chapter you will learn how to: Identify patterns of organization: ¬ Definition ¬ Classification ¬ Order or Sequence ¬ Cause and Effect ¬ Comparison and Contrast ¬ Listing/Enumeration ¬ Mix Patterns ¬ Other Patterns © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Patterns ¬ Help you anticipate the author’s thought development and thus focus your reading. ¬ Help you remember and recall what you read. ¬ Useful in your writing; by helping you organize and express your ideas in a more coherent, comprehensible form. © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Definition Explains the meaning of a word or phrase. Transitions for Definition Pattern: is, means, refers, can be defined, another term, also means ¬deficit is another term that… ¬bureaucracy means… © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Classification Divides a topic into parts based on shared characteristics. Transitions for Classification Pattern: several kinds, numerous types of, classified as, composed of, comprise, one type of, another type, finally ¬ There are numerous types of… ¬ The human skeleton is composed of. . . © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Order or Sequence Describes events, processes, and procedures. – Chronology – Process – Order of Importance – Spatial Order © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Chronological Order Refers to the sequence in which events occur in time. Transitions for Chronological Order: in, at, on, first, later, then, before, during, by the time, while, afterward, as, after, thereafter, meanwhile, at that point ¬ In ancient times… ¬ The first primate species… ¬ Later efforts. . . © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Process Focuses on procedures, steps, or stages by which actions are accomplished. Transitions for Process: ¬ words are similar to those used for chronological order. © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Order of Importance Expresses order of priority or preference. Ideas are arranged from most to least or least to most important. Transitions for Order of Importance: less, more, primary, first, next, last, most important, primarily, secondarily ¬ More revealing is… ¬ Of primary interest is… © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Spatial Order Information is organized according to its physical location, or position or order in space. Transitions for Spatial Order: left, lower, outer, beneath, next to, beside, to the left, in the center, externally ¬ the left side of the brain… ¬ beneath the surface… © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Cause and Effect Describes how one or more things cause or are related to another. Transitions for Cause and Effect: causes, creates, leads to, yields, stems form, produce, breeds, results in, therefore, consequently, hence, for this reason, since ¬ Stress causes… ¬ Avoidance results in… © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Comparison and Contrast Discusses similarities and/or differences among ideas, theories, concepts, objects, or persons. Transitions for Comparison and Contrast: unlike, less than, contrasted with, differs from, in contrast, however, on the other hand, as opposed to, whereas ¬ Frost differs from… ¬ Frost is as powerful as… © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Listing/Enumeration Organized lists of information, parts, characteristics, features, or categories. Transitions for Listing/Enumeration: one, second feature, also, several characteristics, (1)…, (2)…, (a)…, (b)…, in addition, first, second, third, finally, another ¬ A second feature of relativity… ¬ There are several characteristics of relativity: (1)…(2)…, and (3)… © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Mixed Patterns Organizational patterns are often combined. ¬ Example: Psychogenic amnesia—a severe and often permanent memory loss—results in disorientation and the inability to draw on past experiences. (cause and effect/definition) © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Statement & Clarification Indicates that information explaining an idea or concept will follow. Transitions for Statement & Clarification: in fact, in other words, clearly, evidently, obviously © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Summary Condensed review of an idea or piece of writing is to follow. Transitions for Summary: in summary, in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, in short, on the whole © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Generalization and Example Provides examples that clarify a broad, general statement. Transitions for Generalization & Example: for example, for instance, that is, to illustrate, thus © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

Addition Indicates that additional information will follow. Transitions for Addition: furthermore, additionally, also, besides, further, in addition, moreover, again © 2006 Pearson Education Inc. , publishing as Longman Publishers

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