Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Consider the

Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal Communication • Consider the past and you will know the present. —Chinese Proverb • There is language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lip, nay, her foot speaks. —Shakespeare • In human intercourse the tragedy begins not when there is misunderstanding about words, but when silence is not understood. —Henry David Thoreau Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Learning Objectives • understand the definition and functions of nonverbal intercultural communication • identify different aspects of nonverbal communication • understand the implications of nonverbal communication interculturally Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Case 1 Bush’s Gesture • • Why were Norwegians shocked? What can we conclude from the case? Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal Communication A An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication B Chronemics C Proxemics D Kinesics E Paralanguage Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

While-Class Learning: Text A • Pre-reading Activity: expressing opinions Without words, how will you express yourself and communicate with others? Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

While-class Learning: Text A • An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication 1. Definition of Nonverbal Communication 2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication 3. Areas of Nonverbal Communication Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication communication = 35% verbal messages + 65% nonverbal behaviors J similar nonverbal expression: universal emotions, such as happiness, fear, and sadness L differences in nonverbal expression of the same meaning or feeling: source of confusion Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Text A: An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication 1. Definition of Nonverbal Communication Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Text A: An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication 2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication a. Repeating b. Complementing c. Substituting d. Regulating e. Contradicting Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication a. Repeating 1) repeat 2) clarify 3) emphasize Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication b. Complementing Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication c. Substituting substitute verbal messages in certain settings Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication d. Regulating Regulate and manage communication by using some form of nonverbal behavior Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication e. Contradicting On some occasions, nonverbal actions send signals opposite from the literal meanings contained in our verbal messages. Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

3. Areas of Nonverbal Communication • • Time language (chronemics) Space language (proxemics) Body language (kinesics) Paralanguage (voice modulation) Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Case 2 Functions of Nonverbal Communication Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Text B: Chronemics • the study of time: how people use it, structure it, interpret it, and understand its passage • two perspectives: 1. time orientations 2. time systems Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Text B: Chronemics 1. Time Orientations: the value or importance the members of a culture place on the passage of time a. Past-oriented Cultures b. Present-oriented Cultures c. Future-oriented Cultures Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

B. 1 Time Orientations a. Past-oriented Cultures previous experiences and events as most important b. Present-oriented Cultures current experiences as most important c. Future-oriented Cultures tomorrow — or some other moment in the future — is most important Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Text B: Chronemics 2. Time Systems: different cultures, different ways of organizing time a. Monochronic Time (M-Time) b. Polychronic Time (P-Time) Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

a. Monochronic Time (M-Time) • Things should be done at a time. • Time is segmented into precise, small units. • Time is viewed as a commodity; it is scheduled, managed, and arranged. • An event is regarded as separate and distinct from all others and should receive the exclusive focus of attention it deserves. Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

b. Polychronic Time (P-Time) • Several things are being done at the same time. • Often schedule multiple appointments simultaneously Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Comparison of Monochronic and Polychronic Cultures Monochrome Time People Polychrome Time People Do one thing at a time Do many things at once Concentrate on the job Are easily distracted and subject to interruption Take time commitments (deadlines, schedules) seriously Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible Are low context and need information Are high context and already have information Are committed to the job Are committed to people and human relationships Adhere to plans Change plans often and easily Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy Are more concerned with people close to them (family, friends, close business associates) than with privacy Show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend Borrow and lend things often and easily Emphasize promptness Base promptness on the relationship Are accustomed to short-term relationships Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Case 3 Left in the Cold Katherine: an English woman teaching in Beijing Prof. Wang: a Chinese in Katherine’s school • How would you explain the Director’s behavior toward Katherine? • How would you make the Director understand why Katherine felt frustrated angry? Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

While-Class Learning: Text C • Proxemics 1. Definition: the study of how people differ in their use of spatial relations 2. Three aspects of space Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

C. 1: Personal Space • the interpersonal relationship Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

C. 1: Personal Space • we are surrounded at all moments by a personal space • space changes depending on the interpersonal relationship • four major types of distances in American social and business circumstances (1) Intimate distance (2) Personal distance (3) Social distance (4) Public distance Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

North American Zones of Space Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

C. 1: Personal Space • Personality also determines the amount of personal space. eg. introverts — extroverts • Cultural styles play a big part too. eg. Japanese — American • body distance: touch culture, nontouch culture Arabs English-speaking countries Chinese and other Asian cultures Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

C. 1: personal space • Personality • Cultural styles Short Distance: Latins, Mediterranean Arabs Medium Distance: Americans, Northern Europeans Long Distance: Japanese, Mediterranean Europeans Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

C 2: Semifixed Features of Space • spatial arrangements of movable objects within a room (1) Seating arrangements (2) Furniture arrangement Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

C 2: Semifixed Features of Space (1) Seating arrangements Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

C 2: Semifixed Features of Space (2) Furniture arrangement Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

C 3: Fixed Features of Space Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

C 3: Fixed Features of Space ▲ The origin of fixed features of space began with cultural needs over territoriality. ▲ The Americans whose culture stresses individualism generally demand more space than do people from collectivistic cultures. Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Case 4 Personal Space Mark: a Danish just moved to Sydney • Why did that woman suddenly stop talking with Mark and turned to another man? Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Case 5 Americans Are Cold? Eva: a girl from to Peru to America Hilda: the American hostess Jimmy: Hilda’s son • How did Mrs. Larsen and Jimmy greet Eva respectively? • Why did Eva feel that the Larsens were cold? • If you were Eva, would you think that Mrs. Larsen was cold? Why or why not? Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

While-Class Learning: Text D • Kinesics 1. Posture 2. Gestures 3. Facial Expression Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

While-Class Learning: Text D 4. Eye Contact 5. Smell Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

D. 1. Posture ☆ Japan: • Bow is much more than a greeting • Bow signifies that culture’s concern with status and rank Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

D. 1. Posture ☆ America: • being casual and friendly is valued • drop into a chair or slouch when standing • put feed on the desk Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

D. 2. Gestures • an important component of nonverbal communication • Some gestures widely accepted and understood, such as handshaking • many gestures vary in meaning from culture to culture Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

D. 2. Gestures • Hand gestures • Beckoning sign Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

D. 3. Facial Expression • the most obvious and important source of nonverbal communication • a basic set of at least six facial expressions: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

D. 3. Facial Expression • same facial expression, different meanings smiling 1) America 2) Japan 3) Korea 4) Thailand 5) China Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

D. 4. Eye Contact • The way we use eye contact not only transmits messages to others and reflects our personality but also indicates what we are thinking. • The use of eye contact follows some unstated rules. 1) staring at a person at a distance: an invitation 2) returning of the gaze: acceptance of invitation Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

D. 4. Eye Contact • Persons seeking eye contact while speaking tend to be more believable. However, these rules may vary in different cultures. 1) Western societies 2) Japan 3) Latin American and Caribbean cultures 4) Arabs Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

D. 5. Smell • the sense of smell can also be a conduit for meaning • cultures have been using odor in a variety of ways 1) Americans 2) Japanese 3) Arabs Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Case 6 Physical Contact A. Parfait Awono: a Cameroonian teaching in the US B. Sun Mei: a Chinese woman Sarah: Sun Mei’s American friend • • Why were the students in the French class unwilling to hold hands with others? Why did Sun Mei behave as she did? If you are parting from your boyfriend or girlfriend, will you hug and kiss each other? Why? How do you look at other behaviors such as handholding between members of the same sex and between members of different sexes, fondling other people’s babies, and parents kissing in front of their children? Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

While-Class Learning: Text E. Paralanguage • the set of nonphonemic properties of speech used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning 1. voice modulation 2. tempo 3. volume 4. silence Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Text E. 1 Voice Modulation • carries very strong emotional overtones English saying: “It’s not what he said but the way he said it. ” Chinese saying: 弦外之音 Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Text E. 2 Tempo • Tempo: Chinese speak slower than Americans: 1) tempo increased with industrialization; 2) Chinese less polysyllabic words than English • Volume: soft voice, loud voice • Silence: low-context: lack of communication, high-context: integral part of social discourse, not a failure of communication Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Case 7 Quarrel Smith: an American Student Li Hua: a Chinese Student • Why did Li Hua stop giving any response to Smith’s angry words? • Why was Smith getting more and more angry? • What is the basic barrier in the communication between Smith and Li Hua? Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

Thank You Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication