CHAPTER 4 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY CHAPTER OUTLINE Terminology Prefixes

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CHAPTER 4 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

CHAPTER 4 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

CHAPTER OUTLINE • • Terminology Prefixes Suffixes Organ System Terminology – Cardiovascular – Endocrine

CHAPTER OUTLINE • • Terminology Prefixes Suffixes Organ System Terminology – Cardiovascular – Endocrine – Gastrointestinal – Integumentary – Lymph and Blood – Muscular Organ System Terminology (cont. ) – Nervous – Skeletal – Female Reproductive – Male Reproductive – Respiratory – Urinary – Senses (Hearing, Sight) • Drug Classifications • Medical Abbreviations • Review

ELEMENTS OF A MEDICAL SCIENCE WORD ‘BASIC’ • Medical science terminology is made up

ELEMENTS OF A MEDICAL SCIENCE WORD ‘BASIC’ • Medical science terminology is made up of combinations of – root words – prefixes – suffixes – combining vowels • e. g. periodontic = peri (prefix, meaning “around”) + o (combining vowel) + dont (root word, meaning “teeth”) + ic (suffix, meaning “pertaining to”) • Root words originate from either Greek or Latin. – Greek – diagnosis and surgery – Latin – anatomy

Word Root • • Main part or foundation of a word. Identify what part

Word Root • • Main part or foundation of a word. Identify what part of the body a term is related to. All words have at least one word root. A word root may be used alone or be combined with other elements to form a complete word. • e. g. Gastr (word root) + itis (suffix) = GASTRITIS (complete word).

ROOT WORDS - EXAMPLES • • card cyst gastr hemat hepat my pector neur

ROOT WORDS - EXAMPLES • • card cyst gastr hemat hepat my pector neur heart bladder stomach blood liver muscle chest nerve • • pneumon lung ocul eye derma skin vein mast breast oste bone nephr kidney ot ear

PREFIXES • Added before a word root or suffix to alter its meaning –

PREFIXES • Added before a word root or suffix to alter its meaning – hyper = excessive • hyper/tension = high blood pressure – an = without • an/orexia = without appetite – post = after • post/partum = after child birth – dys = painful, difficult • dys/phas/ia = difficulty in speaking

SUFFIXES • Added to the end of a word root or combining vowel to

SUFFIXES • Added to the end of a word root or combining vowel to modify its meaning – -al = pertaining to • dent/al = pertaining to teeth – -itis = inflammation • gastr/itis = inflammation of the stomach – -oma = tumor • melan/oma = black tumor

COMBINING VOWELS • Sometimes a CV is added to make the pronunciation of medical

COMBINING VOWELS • Sometimes a CV is added to make the pronunciation of medical words easier. • Sometimes a CV is added to connect different word parts together. • “O” is the most common combining vowel.

Combining Forms • Correct pronunciation of medical words is very important. • In order

Combining Forms • Correct pronunciation of medical words is very important. • In order to make the pronunciation of root words easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel after the root. • The combination of a root word and a vowel is known as a COMBINING FORM. • “O” is the most common combining vowels • e. g. gastr/o

Combining Words • When a word has more than one root, a combining vowel

Combining Words • When a word has more than one root, a combining vowel is used to link the root to each other. • e. g. osteoarthritis oste/ o / arthr/ it is root word/combining vowel/root word/suffix

Hypoinsulinemia • Hypo / insulin / emia prefix/root word/suffix Notice that there is no

Hypoinsulinemia • Hypo / insulin / emia prefix/root word/suffix Notice that there is no combining vowel in this word because the prefix ends with a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM • The cardiovascular system distributes blood throughout the body using blood vessels

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM • The cardiovascular system distributes blood throughout the body using blood vessels called arteries, capillaries, and veins. – Blood transports nutrients to the body’s cells and carries waste products away from them. • Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. – Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs. – Leukocytes (white blood cells) fight bacterial infections by producing antibodies.

CARDIOVACULAR SYSTEM • The heart pumps blood through the cardiovascular system. – Blood pressure

CARDIOVACULAR SYSTEM • The heart pumps blood through the cardiovascular system. – Blood pressure is reported in a two number sequence (systole/diastole, e. g. , 120/80). – Systolic phase is the increased pressure when blood is forced out of the heart. – Diastolic phase is the decreased pressure when the heart is not forcing blood out of the heart. – A sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure. . Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ROOT • • aneur angi aort arter ather card cyte embol widening

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ROOT • • aneur angi aort arter ather card cyte embol widening vessel aorta artery plaque heart cell embolus • • oxy pector phleb stenosis thromb vas(cu) ven oxygen chest vein narrowing clot blood vessel vein

Cardiovascular System • • • Cardiomyopathy = disease of the heart muscle Myocardial =

Cardiovascular System • • • Cardiomyopathy = disease of the heart muscle Myocardial = concerning heart muscle Tachycardia = abnormal rapid heart action Phlebitis = inflammation of a vein Thrombosis = blood clot Hypertension = high blood pressure

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Consists of the glands that secrete hormones, chemicals that assist in

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Consists of the glands that secrete hormones, chemicals that assist in regulating body functions. • Includes the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, the thyroid gland, and the gonads (ovaries and testes). • Pituitary gland: produces multiple hormones and is located at the base of the brain. It controls the body’s growth and the activity of the other glands. • Thyroid gland: located just below the larynx and releases hormones important for regulating body metabolism.

The Endocrine System Cont. • Parathyroid glands: located on the thyroid gland. • Thymus

The Endocrine System Cont. • Parathyroid glands: located on the thyroid gland. • Thymus gland: located beneath the sternum. • Pancreas: known for its production of insulin and glucagon. • Adrenal glands: located on top of the kidneys and produce such hormones as aldosterone, cortisol (hydrocortisone), androgens, and estrogens. • Medulla region: adrenal glands produce the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ROOT • • aden adrena crine glyc lipid myx nephr gland adrenal

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ROOT • • aden adrena crine glyc lipid myx nephr gland adrenal to secrete sugar fat mucus kidney • • • pancreat plas somat tetan thym thyroid pancreas development body tetanus thymus thyroid

Endocrine System • Hyperlipidemia = high fat/lipids in the blood. • Hypothyroidism = a

Endocrine System • Hyperlipidemia = high fat/lipids in the blood. • Hypothyroidism = a deficiency of thyroid hormone.

GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT • Contains the organs that are involved in the digestion of

GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT • Contains the organs that are involved in the digestion of foods and the absorption of nutrients • Organs include the stomach, small and large intestine, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas. • Several organs contribute to the digestion of foods by secreting enzymes into the small intestine when food is present. • Ducts – hepatic duct – from liver to duodenum – cystic duct – from gallbladder to duodenum

GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT • Not the same as the alimentary tract – alimentary tract

GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT • Not the same as the alimentary tract – alimentary tract goes from the mouth to the anus • It contains organs such as lips, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus, in addition to the GI tract.

GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT ROOT • • chol col duoden enter esophag gastr hemat bile

GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT ROOT • • chol col duoden enter esophag gastr hemat bile colon duodenum intestine esophagus stomach blood • • hepat herni lapar orexia pancreat pepsia phag liver hernia abdomen appetite pancreas digestion swallow

Gastrointestinal Tract Consists of organs that are involved in digestion of foods and the

Gastrointestinal Tract Consists of organs that are involved in digestion of foods and the absorption of nutrients • Gastritis = inflammation of the stomach • Gastroenteritis = inflammation of the stomach and the intestines • Hepatitis = inflammation of the liver • Appendicitis = inflammation of the appendix • Colitis = inflamed or irritable part of the intestinal tract called the colon • Hematemesis = vomiting of blood • Diarrhea = liquid bowel movement

Alimentary Tract • • chol col duoden enter = bile = colon =duodenum =

Alimentary Tract • • chol col duoden enter = bile = colon =duodenum = intestine • • • esophag gastr hepat lapar pancreat = esophagus = stomach = liver = abdomen = pancreas

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • Refers to the covering of the body and is the body’s

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • Refers to the covering of the body and is the body’s first line of defense, acting as a barrier against disease and physical hazards. • Helps control body temperature by releasing heat through sweat or by constricting blood vessels to act as insulation. • It includes the skin, hair, and nails. Hair is made of keratinized cells. Finger nails and toenails are also composed of keratin. • The mammary glands, or breasts, are also considered part of the integumentary system. • The skin is composed of the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis has no blood or nerves and is constantly discarding dead cells. The dermis, which is made of living cells, contains capillaries, nerves, and lymphatics. The dermis also contains the sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair. • The subcutaneous layer of tissue is beneath the dermis but is closely interconnected to it. It separates the skin from the other organs

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ROOT • • • adip cutane derm(at) hist kerat mast melan necr

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ROOT • • • adip cutane derm(at) hist kerat mast melan necr onych fat skin tissue hard breast black death (of cells, etc. ) nail

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • • Dermatitis = skin inflammation Erythrodemra = abnormal redness of skin

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • • Dermatitis = skin inflammation Erythrodemra = abnormal redness of skin Lactation = secretion of milk Mastectomy = surgical removal of breast Onychomycosis = fungal infection of nails Pachyderma = abnormal thickness of skin Subcutaneous = beneath the skin Transdermal = through the skin

LYMPH AND BLOOD SYSTEM • The lymphatic system is responsible, through its lymph nodes,

LYMPH AND BLOOD SYSTEM • The lymphatic system is responsible, through its lymph nodes, for collecting, filtering, and returning plasma water leaving the blood vessels. – center of the body’s immune system – thymus, tonsils, spleen, and adenoids are outside the network • Spleen - responsible for removing old red blood cells from circulation • Lymphocytes – a type of white blood cells that attack bacteria and disease cells by releasing antibodies

LYMPH AND BLOOD SYSTEMS ROOT • • • aden bacter cyt hemat hemo leuk

LYMPH AND BLOOD SYSTEMS ROOT • • • aden bacter cyt hemat hemo leuk gland bacteria cell blood white • • • lymph phleb splen sepsis thromb thym lymph vein spleen to putrefy clot thymus

The Lymphatic System • Adenopathy = lymph node disease • Hematoma = a collection

The Lymphatic System • Adenopathy = lymph node disease • Hematoma = a collection of clotted blood • Hemophilia = a disease in which the blood does not clot normally • Lymphoma = lymphatic system tumor

MUSCULAR SYSTEM • Word muscles comes from mus=mouse; cle=little and resembles a mouse moving

MUSCULAR SYSTEM • Word muscles comes from mus=mouse; cle=little and resembles a mouse moving under a cover. • Muscles give shape and movement to the body. – more than 600 muscles – made up of fibers and attached to bones by tendons • Voluntary muscles - action controlled consciously • Involuntary muscles - operate automatically • Agonist muscles - produce an flexor movement • Antagonist muscles - contract or bring limb back to original position

MUSCULAR SYSTEM ROOT • • • burs chondr my fibr rhabdo tendin bursa cartilage

MUSCULAR SYSTEM ROOT • • • burs chondr my fibr rhabdo tendin bursa cartilage muscle fiber rod tendon Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

The Muscular System • Fibromyalgia = chronic pain in the muscles • Myoplasty =

The Muscular System • Fibromyalgia = chronic pain in the muscles • Myoplasty = plastic surgery of muscle tissue • Tendinitis = inflammation of a tendon

NERVOUS SYSTEM • The neuron is the basic functional unit. • The brain has

NERVOUS SYSTEM • The neuron is the basic functional unit. • The brain has over 100 billion neurons. • Central nervous system (CNS) – brain & spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system – branches from spinal cord – autonomic nervous system controls the automatic functions of the body – somatic nervous system controls the voluntary actions of the body. Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

NERVOUS SYSTEM ROOT • • • alges cerebr encephal esthes mening ment pain cerebrum

NERVOUS SYSTEM ROOT • • • alges cerebr encephal esthes mening ment pain cerebrum brain sensation meninges mind • • • myel neur phas psycho somat spinal cord nerve speech mind body

The Nervous System • Encephalitis = inflammation of the brain • Neuralgia = severe

The Nervous System • Encephalitis = inflammation of the brain • Neuralgia = severe pain in a nerve • Neuroma = tumor or nerve cells

SKELETAL SYSTEM • Protects soft organs and provides structure and support for body organs

SKELETAL SYSTEM • Protects soft organs and provides structure and support for body organs • Contains 206 bones – axial (skull and spinal column vertebrae) – appendicular (arms, legs, connecting bones) • Ligaments and Cartilage - connective tissue that holds together the skeletal systems at joints • Joints range from rigid to those allowing full motion (e. g. , the ball and socket joints of the hips and shoulders). Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

SKELETAL SYSTEM ROOT • • • arthr carp crani dactyl femor fibul • •

SKELETAL SYSTEM ROOT • • • arthr carp crani dactyl femor fibul • • humer lord oste patell joint wrist cranium finger or toe thigh bone small lower leg bone upper arm bone curve bone knee cap • • oste ped, pod pelv phalang • • rachi scoli spondyl stern • tibi bone foot pelvis bones of fingers and toes vertebrae crooked, bent backbone sternum, breastbone large lower leg bone

The Skeletal System • • Arthralgia = joint pain Arthritis = inflammation of a

The Skeletal System • • Arthralgia = joint pain Arthritis = inflammation of a joint Carpal = pertaining to carpus in the wrist Osteoarthritis = chronic disease of bones

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • The Reproductive System produces hormones (e. g. estrogen, progesterone), controls

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • The Reproductive System produces hormones (e. g. estrogen, progesterone), controls menstruation, and provides for childbearing. • Contains the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and the external genitalia. • The mammary glands (located in breast tissue) produce and secrete milk at childbirth. • The vagina is a muscular tube that leads from an external opening to the cervix and uterus. • The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ. • The fallopian tubes transport eggs from the ovary to the uterus. • The ovaries are located on each side of the uterus.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ROOT • • cervic condyle eclamps gynec hyster lact mamm mast

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ROOT • • cervic condyle eclamps gynec hyster lact mamm mast cervix knob, knuckle shining forth woman uterus milk breast • • men metr ovari salping toc uter vagin menstruation uterus ovary fallopian tube birth uterine vagina

The Female Reproductive System • Gynecology = the study of the female reproductive organs

The Female Reproductive System • Gynecology = the study of the female reproductive organs • Amenorrhea = absence of menstruation • Dysmenorrhea = menstrual pain • Endometriosis = abnormal growth of uterine tissue • Vaginitis = inflammation of the vagina

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • Produces sperm and secretes testosterone • Primary sex organs –

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • Produces sperm and secretes testosterone • Primary sex organs – testes (testicles) • Other organs – seminal glands – vas deferens – prostate gland – penis – urethra Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ROOT • • • andr bala n crypt orchid prostat male

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ROOT • • • andr bala n crypt orchid prostat male glans penis hidden testis prostate gland • • • semin sperm vas varic test semen sperm vessel, duct varicose veins testis, testicle

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • The Respiratory System brings oxygen into the body through inhalation and

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • The Respiratory System brings oxygen into the body through inhalation and expels carbon dioxide gas through exhalation. It produces sound for speaking and helps cool the body. • Respiratory muscles (especially the diaphragm) expand the lungs automatically, causing air to be inhaled into the upper respiratory tract. • The pleural cavity surrounds the lungs and provides lubrication for respiration. • The pharynx directs food into the esophagus and air into the trachea. • The larynx contains the vocal cords. • The trachea, or windpipe, connects to the two bronchi (bronchial tubes) that enter the lungs. – As air enters through the nose, it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. Inside the lungs, the bronchial tubes branch out and lead to the alveolar sacs that are the site of gas exchange within the lungs. • Alveoli are specialized tissues that are responsible for the exchange of gases between the blood and inhaled air.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ROOT WORDS • • aero bronch capn • cyan • laryng •

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ROOT WORDS • • aero bronch capn • cyan • laryng • nas air gas bronchus carbon dioxide blue larynx nose • • ox pector pneumon pulmon respir rhin sinus oxygen chest lung, air lung breath nose sinus

The Respiratory System • Apnea = temporary failure to breath • Bronchitis = inflammation

The Respiratory System • Apnea = temporary failure to breath • Bronchitis = inflammation of the bronchial membrane • Cyanosis = blue discoloration of the skin due to a lack of oxygenation • Hypercapnia = excessive carbon dioxide in the blood • Hypoxia = low blood oxygen level • Pneumonia = inflammation of the lungs • Sinusitis = inflammation of the sinuses

URINARY TRACT • Removes waste materials from the blood • The kidney is the

URINARY TRACT • Removes waste materials from the blood • The kidney is the primary organ. • The functional unit is the nephron. There are several million nephrons in the kidneys. • Urine is produced as plasma water and is filtered through the glomerulus, the filtrate is then collected in the tubule. – Waste materials from the blood may also be filtered into the tubule or may be secreted into the tubule at sites other than the glomerulus. • Urine is the filtrate that moves along the tubule. • Urine leaves the kidney through the ureters and collects in the bladder. It is excreted from the bladder through the urethra.

URINARY TRACT • Waste materials from blood are ____ the tubule. – filtered into

URINARY TRACT • Waste materials from blood are ____ the tubule. – filtered into – secreted into – reabsorbed from Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

URINARY TRACT ROOT WORDS • • albumin cyst glycos keto lith nephr ren protein

URINARY TRACT ROOT WORDS • • albumin cyst glycos keto lith nephr ren protein bladder glucose ketones stone kidney • • • ur uria uresis ureter urethr vesic kidney urine, urination ureter urethra bladder

URINARY TRACT • • • Anuria = inability to produce urine Cystitis = inflammation

URINARY TRACT • • • Anuria = inability to produce urine Cystitis = inflammation of the bladder Nephritis = inflammation of the kidney Polyuria = excessive urination Uremia = toxic blood condition caused by kidney failure

SENSES: HEARING • The Ears perform hearing, as well as the maintenance of body

SENSES: HEARING • The Ears perform hearing, as well as the maintenance of body equilibrium. • The External ear functions to capture sound waves and channels them inside the ear. • The tympanic membrane (eardrum) is a funnel-shaped structure with an opening to outside. It contains glands that make earwax (cerumen) that protects the external ear. • Malleus, incus, and stapes are three bony structures that transmit sound from a vibrating tympanic membrane to the cochlea and located in the middle ear. • The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nose and throat, serving to equalize the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. • The labyrinth is the principal structure in the inner ear is which consists of the vestibule, the cochlea, and the semicircular canals. • The cochlea contains the organ of hearing. When sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea, it converts them into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for interpretation. The semicircular canals and the vestibule are primarily responsible for body equilibrium.

SENSES: HEARING ROOT WORDS • acous hearing • myring eardrum • acusis hearing condition

SENSES: HEARING ROOT WORDS • acous hearing • myring eardrum • acusis hearing condition • ot ear • salping eustachian tube • tympan eardrum • audi hearing • cerumin wax-like • labyrinth inner ear

SENSES: SIGHT The Eyes are the organs that provide sight. The eyelids protect the

SENSES: SIGHT The Eyes are the organs that provide sight. The eyelids protect the eye and assist in its lubrication. The conjunctiva is the blood-rich membrane between the eye and the eyelid. There are several glands that secrete fluids to protect and lubricate the eye; the lacrimal glands above each eye secrete tears and the meibomian glands produce sebum. Nasolacrimal ducts (tear ducts) drains excess fluid into the eye. The eye has three layers. The outer layer is composed of the sclera and the cornea. The sclera is the white part of the eye. The cornea is transparent so the iris (the color of the eye) and the pupil (the opening of the eye) are visible. The middle layer is called the choroid and contains blood vessels that nourish the entire eye. In the third layer, the lens focuses light rays on the retina. The vitreous humor (one of two fluids in the eye) fills the space between the retina and the lens. Rods and cones within the retina they are responsible for visual reception. The optic nerve within the retina transmits the nerve impulses to the brain for interpretation.

SENSES: SIGHT ROOT WORDS • • ambly blephar conjunctiv come glauc irid, ir lacrim

SENSES: SIGHT ROOT WORDS • • ambly blephar conjunctiv come glauc irid, ir lacrim dim, dull eyelid conjunctiva cornea gray iris tear duct • • • ocul ophthalm opia opt retin stigmat eye vision eye, vision retina point(ed)

Senses: Sight • Blepharitis = inflammation of the eyelid • Conjunctivitis = inflammation of

Senses: Sight • Blepharitis = inflammation of the eyelid • Conjunctivitis = inflammation of the conjunctiva • Retinitis = inflammation of the retina

DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS • Drug class – group of drugs that have several therapeutic properties

DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS • Drug class – group of drugs that have several therapeutic properties in common • Several classes oppose (means “against”)physiological processes. Antacid =relieves gastritis, ulcer pain, heartburn, indigestion Antianginals =relieves heart pain Anticoagulants =prevents blood clots Anticonvulsants =prevents seizures Antidepressants =prevents depression Antidiarrheals =stops diarrhea (loose stool) Antiemetics =prevents nausea and vomiting

Antihistamine = blocks the effects of histamine Antihyperlipidemia = lowers high cholesterol Antihypertensive =

Antihistamine = blocks the effects of histamine Antihyperlipidemia = lowers high cholesterol Antihypertensive = reduces high blood pressure Anti-inflammatory = reduces inflammation Antipruritics = prevents or relieves itching Antispasmodics = relieves intestinal cramping Antitussive = relieves coughing

OTHER CLASSES • Analgesic an + alges + ic = without pain, pain killer

OTHER CLASSES • Analgesic an + alges + ic = without pain, pain killer • Hypoglycemic hypo + glyc + emic = reduces blood sugar level • Hypolipidemic hypo + lipid + emic = reduces cholesterol or lipid levels • Spermicide sperm + i + cide = kills sperm

PHARMACY ABBREVIATIONS • About 10, 000 abbreviations – can be specific to one institution

PHARMACY ABBREVIATIONS • About 10, 000 abbreviations – can be specific to one institution – can be specific to one area of the country

Pharmacy Abbreviations Most common abbreviations § Route § Form § Time § Measurement

Pharmacy Abbreviations Most common abbreviations § Route § Form § Time § Measurement

Pharmacy Abbreviations ad = right ear as = left ear au = each ear

Pharmacy Abbreviations ad = right ear as = left ear au = each ear IM = intramuscular IV = intravenous od = right eye os = left eye ou = each eye po = by mouth sl = sublingually

Pharmacy Abbreviations elix = elixir supp = suppository ung = ointment ac = before

Pharmacy Abbreviations elix = elixir supp = suppository ung = ointment ac = before meals pc = after meals hs = at bedtime qd = every day prn = as needed qid = four times a day tid = three times a day bid = two times a day