Chapter 4 Latin America Rountree et al as

Chapter 4: Latin America Rountree, et. al. as modified by Joe Naumann, UMSL Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

Ch. 4 Latin America (fig. 4. 1) Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 2

Learning Objectives • First chance to integrate foundation concepts with a relatively unfamiliar region, and compare regions • Understand Latin America’s culture, and how colonization has affected it • Know about the Andes and the Amazon • Understand these concepts and models: -Agrarian Reform -Altiplano -Dependency Theory -El Nino -Dollarization -Maquiladora -Growth poles -Mercosur Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 3

Introduction • Latin America has 17 countries – Colonized by Spain & Portugal (Iberian countries) – Large, diverse populations • 490 million people total • Indian and African presence • 75% of the people live in cities • Several megacities (more than 10 million people) – Industrialization & development grew since 1960 s • Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) proposes to integrate economies of Latin America, North America and the Caribbean (except Cuba) • Natural resource extraction remains important Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 4

Common Treatment of the Area • Middle America – From Mexico south through Panama • The Caribbean coastal area has much in common with the islands, culturally and economically – The islands of the Caribbean • South America – The remainder of what Rowntree refers to as Latin America. • Latin America, for many authors, encompasses both Middle America and South America Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 5

NO Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, CONTINENTALITY Price, Wyckoff N. AMERICA • Mostly east of North America • Does not extend as far south toward the pole as North America extends north toward the pole. Has climatic implications CONTINENTALITY S. AMERICA South American Location 6

Neotropical Diversity • Much of the region lies in the tropics, but not all – Neotropics: tropical ecosystems of the Western Hemisphere • Large species diversity, inspired Darwin • Environmental Issues Facing Latin America • Relatively large land area and low population density has minimized environmental degradation • Latin America has the opportunity to avoid mistakes that other regions have made • Brazil and Costa Rica have conservation movements – The Destruction of Tropical Rainforests • Deforestation is the most common environmental problem in Latin America Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 7

Rainforests may help create the humidity needed for tropical precipitation. • Major oxygen producer – can we risk losing it? Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 8

Environmental Geography • Destruction of Tropical Rainforests ( – Affected regions: Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil and Pacific forests of Central America – Causes: agriculture, settlement, and ranching • Grassification: conversion of tropical forest to pasture – Concerns: loss of biological diversity • Tropical rainforests: 6% of Earth’s landmass but 50% of species • Urban Environmental Challenges: Valley of Mexico -Air pollution, smog -Water resources: quality & quantity -Sinking land: occurring as Mexico City draws down aquifer -Modern urban challenges: squatter settlements But Curitaba is a “Green City” Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 9

Environmental Issues in Latin America (Fig. 4. 3) Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 10

Western Mountains & Eastern Shields • The Andes – Relatively young, 5, 000 miles long; 30 peaks over 20 K feet – Contain valuable metals and minerals – Altiplano: treeless, elevated plain in Peru and Bolivia • The Uplands of Mexico and Central America – Most major cities and population found here – Rich volcanic soils • The Shields – Large upland plateaus of exposed crystalline rock • Brazilian shield is the largest, covering most of Brazil • Has natural resources and settlement Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 11

Physical Geography of Latin America (Fig. 4. 7) Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 12

Some Key Physical Areas Sierra Madre Oriental & Occidental Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Llanos Central Plateau of Mexico Andes Mountains Altiplano Amazon Guiana Highlands Brazilian Highlands Mato Grosso Patagonia Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Pampa 13

Middle America: Hazardous • One of the most hazardous areas in the world to live. – West Coast subduction zone • Active volcanoes • Earthquake prone • Tsunamis – coastal flooding – Caribbean Hurricane Prone • Wind damage • Flooding damage Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 14

WORLD HURRICANE TRACKS Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 15

DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES & VOLCANOES Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 16

Click on the sign to see the video Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 17

Environmental Geography • River Basins and Lowlands – Amazon Basin • Largest river system in world by volume; second in length • Draws from nine countries – Plata Basin • Region’s second largest river watershed; economically productive • Climate • Little temperature variation in many areas • Larger regional variations in precipitation – El Nino • Warm Pacific current that usually arrives along coastal Ecuador and Peru in December – Regional weather upsets (drought, torrential rain, flooding) Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 18

PRECIPITATION Major Influences: Southeast Trade Winds, the Andes Mountains, & the Peru Current Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 19

Climate Map of Latin America (Fig. 4. 11) Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 20

Altitudinal Zonation & Climate Windward side will be wet and leeward side will be dry Leeward Windward Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 21

ALTITUDINAL ZONATION • Vertical Climate Zones and Agriculture Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 22

Altitudinal Zonation in Action TIERRA FRIA Tierra TIERRA HELADA (Cold. Nevada Land) Tierra. TEMPLADA Helada (Frost Land) TIERRA Corn, Wheat, Potato TIERRA CALIENTE (Temperate Land) 3, 600 m 12, 000’ Coffee, (Hot Rice, Land) Corn, Sugar 6, 000’ 2000’ Sea Level Bananas, Tierra Cocoa, Fria. Sugar, Rice 2, 000 m Tierra Templada Tierra Caliente Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 600 m Sea 23 Level

Snow at the Equator – temperature drops 3. 5ºF per 1000 ft. elevation Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 24

Dominance of Cities • The Pattern – Interior lowlands of South America sparsely populated • Brazilia: an attempt to draw more development to the interior of Brazil – a growth pole – Higher population in Central America and Mexico interior plateaus – Dramatic population growth in 1960 s and ’ 70 s • The Latin American City – Urbanization began in 1950 s; today 75% urbanized – Urban primacy: a country has a primate city 3 to 4 times larger than any other city in the country – Urban form – Reflects colonial origins and contemporary growth – Latin American City Model • Squatter settlements: makeshift housing on land not legally owned or rented by urban migrants, usually in unoccupied open spaces in or Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, 25 near a rapidly growing city Price, Wyckoff

Population Map of Latin America (Fig. 4. 12) Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 26

Latin American City Model (Fig. 4. 13) Periferico: circumferential, outer highway Disamenity: a zone of established slums much like the peripheral squatter settlements In Situ Accretion: a transition zone from the inner Globalization & Diversity: 27 ring of affluence to the outer. Rowntree, ring. Lewis, of poverty – modest Price, Wyckoff housing interspersed with unkempt areas.

Population and Settlement (cont. ) • The Latin American City (cont. ) – Rural-to-Urban Migration • Since the 1950 s, peasants began to migrate to urban areas – Mechanization of agriculture, population pressure, consolidation of lands • Patterns of Rural Settlement • 130 million people (25%) live in rural areas – Rural Landholdings • Large estates used the best lands, relied on mixture of hired, tributary, and slave labor • Latifundia: Long-observed pattern of maintaining large estates – Feudal system transferred from Spain to the “New World” Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, • Minifundia: pattern associated with peasants Price, Wyckoff farming small plots for their own subsistence 28

Pop. & Settlement • Patterns of Rural Settlement (cont. ) – Agricultural Frontiers • Brazilian Amazon settlement is controversial – Short-term benefits – Long-term disaster • Provided peasants with land (? ? ? ), tapped unused resources, shored up political boundaries • Population Growth and Movements • Rapid growth throughout most of the century followed by slower growth – Family planning: counter-cultural & counter-religious – Declining Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) since 1980 s – European Migration • Migration encouraged to till soils and “whiten” the mestizo population (of mixed European and Indian ancestry) – Many Europeans immigrated between 1870 s and 1930 s Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 29

Pop. & Settlement • Population Growth and Movements (cont. ) – Asian Migration • Many Chinese and Japanese between 1870 s and 1930 s – Former president of Peru a Japanese descendent • New wave of immigrants from South Korea – Latino Migration and Hemispheric Change • Economic opportunities spurred migrations within Latin America, or from Mexico to the U. S. • Political turmoil, civil wars caused migration Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 30

Effects of Central America’s Mountains Country Population Physiologic density Guatemala 12. 3 million 696. 6 per sq. mi. Honduras 6. 2 million 539. 1 El Salvador 6. 1 million 1155. 2 Nicaragua 4. 8 million 157. 2 Costa Rica 3. 5 million 316. 8 Panama 2. 8 million 331. 1 Belize 240, 000 451. 2 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 31

Principal Latin American Migration Flows (Fig. 4. 14) Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 32

Repopulating a Continent • The Decline of Native Populations – There were many complex civilizations in Latin American before Europeans arrived • 1500: population of 47 million; 1650: 5 million • Causes: – disease, – warfare, – forced labor, – collapse of food production system Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 33

Out of the Loop • Indian Survival – Largest populations of Indians today: Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia – Indians trying to secure recognized territory in their countries • Comarca: loosely defined territory similar to a province or homeland, where Indians have political and resource control Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 34

INDIAN CULTURE HEARTHS • SOURCE AREAS from which radiated ideas, innovations, and ideologies that changed the world beyond. MA Hearths Aztecs Mayans Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 35

Inca Culture Hearth Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 36

Machu Pichu – terraced mountain top Inca city Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 37

Terraces at Machu Pichu Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 38

Achievements: • Bridge building and mountain roads • Irrigation • Surgery through the skull • Highly organized social/economic structure • Effective management of conquered peoples Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 39

Cultural Patterns • Patterns of Ethnicity and Culture • Racial caste system – Spanish legacy: blanco (European), mestizo (mixed ancestry), indio (Indian), negro (African) • Colonial structure – transplanted feudalism – Peninsulares – – Creoles – – Mestizo – – European/African mix – Native Americans (Indians) & Africans • Independence equality of Peninsulares & Creoles • Blancos dominated social, political, & economic systems for more than a century Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 40

Patterns of Culture – Languages • About 2/3 Spanish, 1/3 Portuguese speakers • Indigenous languages in central Andes, Mexico, Guatemala – Blended Religions • 90% Roman Catholic (nominally) – El Salvador, Uruguay have sizeable Protestant populations • Syncretic religions: – Voodoo – Catholicism and African religions, with Brazil’s carnival as an example Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 41

Catholic Influence • Traditionally provided education & health care • Established many of the social mores • Higher clergy often came from the aristocracy and supported the status quo • Social role of the Church has grown in some places becoming an advocate for the poor and disenfranchised – Bishop Romero in Nicaragua (assassinated) • Has opposed most birth control methods in countries with high birth rates and great poverty • Many may be Catholic “in name only” Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 42

Machismo • Male oriented society – definitely a double standard • Traditionally, marriages were arranged – a greater disadvantage for women – upper class men were expected to be unfaithful • Admiration for the strong, forceful male – Dictators were often admired as much as they were feared – Military often a vehicle for advancement and control – Compromise seen as a sign of weakness • Male resistance to birth control -- # of male children often considered a measure of one’s manhood Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 43

Language Map of Latin America (Fig. 4. 19) Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 44

Colombian Exchange • Amerindians Contributed: – Corn (maize), sweet potato, several kinds of beans, the tomato, several kinds of squash, cacao, & tobacco (Potato – from Peru) – Gonorrhea & rheumatoid arthritis • Europeans Contributed: – Wheat, oats, rye, & other European crops, horse, cow, sheep, pigs, chicken – Syphilis, small pox, chicken pox, measles, mumps, typhoid fever, influenza, etc. – African slaves also brought tropical diseases for which Amerindians had no immunity or resistance Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 45

European Settlement • Initially drawn to areas of Incan rule and wealth (Spanish) – “God, Glory, & Gold” – At first kept the Inca as a puppet ruler – Quickly turned to serfdom • Hacienda was the New World “Manor” – Land seen as the symbol of and source of wealth – Land Alienation transfer of Amerindian lands to European ownership – Amerindians became the “serfs” Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 46

Redrawing the Map – Cycles of antagonism and cooperation • Organization of American States (OAS) • MERCOSUR (Southern Cone Common Market) • Iberian Conquest and Territorial Division • Treaty of Tordesillas divided South America between Spain and Portugal – Revolution and Independence • Creoles led revolutions, resulting in the creation of new countries – Persistent Border Conflicts • Colonial boundary lines were not well accepted • When states gained independence, border issues grew Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 47

Shifting Political Boundaries Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff (Fig. 4. 21) 48

Geopolitical Framework • Iberian Conquest and Territorial Division – The Trend Toward Democracy • Long independence, but political stability has been a problem • Democratic elections since 1980 s • Most of the countries are free-market democracies • Regional Organizations • Supranatural organizations: governing bodies that include several states • Subnational organizations: groups that represent areas of people within the state Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 49

Regional Organizations – Trade Blocks • To foster internal markets and reduce trade barriers – Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), Central American Common Market (CACM), Andean Group, NAFTA, Mercosur – Insurgencies and Drug Traffickers • Guerrilla groups have controlled large portions of their countries through violence and intimidation – FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia); ELN (National Liberation Army) – Colombia has highest murder rate in the world • Drug cartels: powerful and wealthy organized crime syndicates Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, 50 Price, Wyckoff

Rebel-held areas of Colombia Notice the relationship between coca growing areas and insurgency. The drugs supply the money to support the movement. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 51

Long-standing Conditions • • Poverty – widening gap between rich & poor Military governments & dictators until recently Rule by the “aristocracy” Rather rigid social structure – Amerindians usually left out of the “loop. ” • In agriculture, trapped in an international economic order they cannot change – One crop economies – Products which aren’t necessities – A cartel like OPEC won’t work Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 52

Important Recent Developments • Mexico’s “one-party democracy” seems to have ended – Presidente Fox of PAN • Democratically elected governments in all countries except Cuba – – even in Cuba communism is changing due to the loss of Soviet/Russian financial assistance – When Castro retires (or probably when he dies) there may be greater change – i. e. , the Pope’s visit would have been unheard of 20 years ago – One can even see the possibility of the resumption of U. S. diplomatic relations on the horizon Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 53

A Glimpse of Mexico • Click on the map to see the video Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 54

Dependent Economic Growth • Most Latin American countries are “middle income” – Extreme poverty in the region, however • Development Strategies • Import substitution: policies that foster domestic industry by imposing inflated tariffs on all imported goods – Industrialization • Manufacturing emphasized since 1960 s – Growth poles: planned industrial centers – Maquiladoras and Foreign Investment • Maquiladoras: Mexican assembly plants lining U. S. border • Other Latin American countries attracting foreign companies – The Informal Sector • Provision of goods & services without government regulation • Self-employment: construction, manufacturing, vending, etc. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 55

MAQUILADORAS Tijuana Nogales Ciudad Juarez Chihuahua Monterrey Reynosa Matamoros Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 56

MAQUILADORAS • Initiated in the 1960 s • Assembly plants in Mexico that pioneered the migration of industries in the 1970 s • Today – >4, 000 maquiladoras – >1 million employees Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 57

MAQUILADORAS • Modern industrial plants • Assemble imported, duty-free components/raw materials • Export the finished products • Mostly foreign-owned (U. S. , Japan) • 80% of goods reexported to U. S. • Tariffs limited to value added during assembly Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 58

MAQUILADORAS • Maquiladora products • • • Electronic equipment Electric appliances Auto parts Clothing Furniture Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 59

MAQUILADORAS • ADVANTAGES – Mexico gains jobs & Mexican workers have more money to spend on both Mexican and U. S. -made products. – Foreign owners benefit from cheaper labor costs. EFFECTS – Regional development – Development of an international growth corridor between Monterrey and Dallas - Fort Worth Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 60

NAFTA • Effective 1 January 1994 • Established a trade agreement between Mexico, Canada and the US, which: – Reduced and regulated trade tariffs, barriers, and quotas between members – Standardized finance & service exchanges – May expand membership Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 61

NAFTA How has Mexico benefited from NAFTA? Will Chile join it? Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 62

MEXICO AND NAFTA • Foremost, it promises a higher standard of living – more people with higher incomes may also buy more U. S. products. • NAFTA creates more jobs for Mexicans as US companies begin to invest more heavily in the Mexican market. • Mexican exporters increase their sales to the US and Canada. • Is that the entire story? Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 63

WAGE RATES COMPARED $20. 21 $25 $20 $17. 38 $15 Mexico U. S. $10 $5 $1. 55 $2. 87 $0 Assemblers Skilled Labor History shows that over time, wages will increase in Mexico, closing the gap somewhat. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 64

Economic and Social Development (cont. ) • Primary Exports • Latin America specialized in commodities into the 1950 s – Bananas, coffee, cacao, grains, tin, rubber, petroleum, etc. – Agricultural Production • Since 1960 s, agriculture has become more diversified and mechanized • Machinery, hybrid crops, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, make agriculture very productive – Mining and Forestry • • Products: silver, zinc, copper, iron ore, bauxite, gold, oil, gas Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador export oil Mining becoming mechanized, laying off workers Logging – Exportation of wood pulp provide short-term cash infusion – Plantation forests of introduced species replace diverse native forests Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, 65 Price, Wyckoff

Economic and Social Development (cont. ) • Latin America in the Global Economy • Dependency theory – Dependency theory holds that expansion of European capitalism created Latin American condition of underdevelopment » Creates prosperous cores and dependent, poor peripheries – Increased economic integration within Latin America and dominance of U. S. market – Neoliberalism as Globalization • Neoliberal policies: stress privatization, export production, and few restrictions on imports – Benefits include increased trade and more favorable terms for debt repayment; most political leaders are embracing it » Some signs of discontent with neoliberalism and support for reduction of poverty and inequality Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 66

Latin America in the Global Economy – Dollarization • Dollarization: process in which a country adopts (in whole or in part) the U. S. dollar as its official currency – Full dollarization – U. S. dollar becomes only currency » Until 2000, Panama was the only fully dollarized Latin American country » Ecuador also became fully dollarized in 2000 » El Salvador considering – Limited dollarization more common strategy » U. S. dollars circulate with country’s national currency • Tends to reduce inflation, eliminate fears of currency devaluation, and reduce costs of trade Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, 67 Price, Wyckoff

Developing countries seek a bigger and better “piece of the pie” • Banana plantations are declining in importance in Costa Rica, whereas there are growing numbers of workers in high-tech fields and tertiary and quaternary activities. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 68

Social Development • Marked improvements since 1960 – Declining child mortality rate, along with higher rates for life expectancy and educational attainment » Most countries had child mortality cuts of 50% or more » Important role for non-govt. organizations (NGOs) » Humanitarian organizations, churches, community activists – Still, regional social differences within countries – Race and Inequality • Relative tolerance, but Amerindians and blacks overrepresented among the poor – Hard to ignore ethnicity and race when explaining contrasts in income and availability of services Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 69

Mapping Poverty and Prosperity (Fig. 4. 29) Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 70

Status of Women • Many women work outside the home (30%-40%) – Lower than rate in U. S. but comparable to many European countries • Legally, women can vote, own property, and sign for loans, but less likely than men to do so – Reflective of patriarchal tendencies • Low illiteracy rates – Highest rates in Central America • Trend toward smaller families – Related to education and workforce participation Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 71

Monroe Doctrine & U. S. Intervention • • • Panama – aided it’s revolt for independence Guatemala Nicaragua– helped create Somoza dictatorship Haiti Dominican Republic Mexico (took ½ Mexico’s territory) – 1912 invasion to capture Pancho Villa (failed) • Spanish American War – took Puerto Rico & kept right to intervene in Cuba until 1935 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 72

U. S. Intervention Since 1960 • Cuba – Bay of Pigs, Cuban missile crisis, economic embargo – relations now improving • Troops to Dominican Republic (? ? ) • Illegal Iran-Contra involvement in Nicaraguan civil war • Troops to Grenada • Invasion of Panama to capture its president Noriega – brought to U. S. tried for drug charges and imprisoned in U. S. • Intervention in Haiti to restore president Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 73

Perceptions Differ • The U. S. likes to be perceived as a friendly neighbor & upholder of principles of human dignity. – Not easily accomplished when one is a big power seeking its best interests • Middle & South American perspective – “Gringo” isn’t a complimentary term – U. S. often called “the colossus of the north. ” – U. S. often supported dictators if they were avowedly “anti-communist. ” – disastrous in Cuba & Nicaragua – U. S as an economically imperialistic country Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 74

Conclusion • Latin America is the first region fully colonized by Europe • Demographic recovery slow after early population decline • Latin America is rich in natural resources • But will resources be exploited for short-term gain or sustainability? • Active informal economy, rapid development End of Chapter 4: Latin America Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 75