Chapter 4 Important Dates Nov 6 Project Nov

Chapter 4 Important Dates: Nov. 6 Project: Nov. 12

2. What legislation establishes the collective rights of groups in Canada? • It is part of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and is entrenched in our constitution.

3. How are collective rights different from individual rights? • Collective rights only protect three cultural groups collective identity. • The purpose of collective rights is to affirm the collective identity of historical groups in Canada. • The same people in these groups also receive individual rights which allow them personal protection.

4. Which groups are protected in Canada by having collective rights? • First Nations, Metis, Inuit, Francophones and Anglophones

5. Why do some people have collective rights and some do not have collective rights? • Collective rights were created to protect groups who’s culture was coming under attack since they are a minority.

Canada? • In groups of three to four create a mind map of what should be important to Canada. • Think about Canadian beliefs and values • Where our beliefs and values should come from • What it means to be Canadian

Collective vs Individual Collective= group Individual= self Why does Canada need collective rights? The purpose of collective rights is to affirm the collective identity of groups in society and to create a society where people of different identities belong.

Page 119 Based on these photographs, what challenges and opportunities do collective rights create for Canada?

Collective Rights • Set Canada apart from other countries • Are protected by the Constitution • The difference between collective and individual is that collective are for specific groups of people in Canada. (Founding Nations)

Collective Rights • Belong to Aboriginal people (First Nations, and Inuit) • Metis • Francophones (French speaking) • Anglophones (English speaking)

What is the proper name? • Why does the proper name matter? • The reporter mentions wanting to create a better relationship what does she mean? • What do you think the major issues are between the Aboriginals and non-aboriginals?

Some history • Is there bias in the clip? • Is there a bias in our text book? • Do you have a bias? • How do you counter these stereotypical attitudes?

Treaties • After the federal government acquired the North West they started treaty negotiations in the area. • The Royal Proclamation of 1763 prohibited settlers from living on land the First Nations had not surrendered to the Crown (government). • The Canadian gov’t also made treaties to avoid “Indian Wars” like the ones that occurred in the United States.

Treaty 6, 7, and 8 • Are treaties for First Nations groups living in Saskatchewan and Alberta • According to the treaties signed the First Nations agreed to “cede, release, surrender, and yield up to the Gov’t all their rights, titles, and privileges” to the land. • The treaties also committed the government to providing the First Nations with education, reserves, annuities and other matters. (Each treaty is a little bit different, pg. 125) • An example of this is that Treaty 6 has a section that says the government will give assistance to the First Nations with “any pestilence” or “general famine” and will provide a “medicine chest”.

Treaty 6, 7, and 8 • Are sacred to the First Nations because they are nation to nation agreements. • Treaty seven was seen as a pact of friendship, peace, and mutual support between the two. • The First Nations never realized they full extent of the treaties due to the fact that they believed in oral agreements and the British believed in written agreements.

Specific Reasons the Treaties were negotiated 1) Canada wanted to build the railroad so that BC would join confederation. 2) Wanted to avoid wars with the Aboriginals. 3) First Nations wanted to secure their futures. 4) The Royal Proclamation recognized the rights of the First Nations to the land the Europeans wanted.

Treaties • Not all First Nations or Aboriginal groups signed Treaties but their rights are now protected under the collective rights act of the constitution. • Pg. 125 To what extent do you believe it’s important to follow up on agreements? Think of a situation in your own life where you have reached an agreement with someone.

First Nations Collective Rights

Review 5) Why did the First Nations sign treaties with the Canadian government? a) 1. Royal Proclamation and the Rail Road, 2. avoid wars, 3. First Nations wanted to secure their future, 4. Royal Proclamation and settling the west 6) The Numbered Treaties were agreements between the ____ and the ________. a) First Nations and the “Canadian Government”

Primary vs Secondary Sources Primary sources= sources that are created by people who actually was at the event when the was taking place. (PERSON WAS THERE AND RECORDED WHAT THEY SAW!) Secondary sources= sources created by people who heard about or researched the event. What is another example of a primary source? What is another example of a secondary source? In pairs write one of each on the cards.

Primary vs Secondary Sources How to Identify and Analyze information sources Is the source primary or secondary? Is the source reliable and knowledgeable about the subject? How do you know? What views or perspectives does this source contain? How does this affect its validity? When was the source created? What does the source tell you about collective rights? Example

Pg. 128 -135 Date Source Main Idea Affirms First Nations? 1876 Mistahwahsis, Treaty 6 negotiations -Treaty is permanent -ensuring security for their children Yes Alexander Morris, Treaty 6 negotiations -Treaty is permanent -First Nations should learn European ways -First Nations can keep traditional ways Yes and No 1876

Pg 130 Date 1876 Source Main Idea Affirms First Nations? Indian Act from text -Indian Act allowed book the government to live up to treaty responsibilities -Affirmed collective rights for First Nations - Indian act shows ethnocentrism - Is used to assimilate Yes and No Indian Act Section 61 and 62 No Dictates how the First Nations would govern their own bands

Law vs Policy • Law describes principles or conditions that must be followed. • A policy describes objectives of the government within the law. • Ex. Numbered treaties law- policy residential schools

Date Source Main Idea Affirms First Nations? 1920’s or 1930’s Picture of two Siksika school children Following the Indian No Act to maintain traditions even through residential schools 1879 Nicholas Flood Davin, Residential Schools -taking children No from parents -civilize First Nations - Change First Nations culture

Date Source Main Idea 1939 Constitution of the Indian Association of Alberta To work with the Yes government to maintain treaty rights and ensure a higher quality of life for First Nations T. R. I Mac. Innes statement from Indian Affairs Branch Need to make First No Nations modern in order to be ordinary Canadian citizens 1939 Affirms First Nations

Date 1970 1969 Source Main Idea Affirms First Nations The Indian Association of Alberta Have to protect rights outlined in the treaties Treaty promises must be kept Yes Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy Treaties need to be ended to create a stronger Canada No

Date Source Main Idea 1980 Presentation by Federation of Saskatchewan Indians - Because of unique Yes history and destiny Indian rights should be entrenched in constitution Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau speech at the proclamation ceremony for the consitiution - Dreaming of a land Yes and No where people live in peace, justice, and with mutual respect no matter their cultural background 1982 Affirms First Nations

Date Source Main Ideas 2007 Secondary source of - First Nations advertisement for signed the Aboriginal Day treaties to share of Action the land - Treaties are nation-to-nation agreements - First Nations are a diverse people Yes 2005 Prime Minister Paul Martin addressing the First Ministers and Aboriginal leaders Yes -Creating a new relationship based on collective rights and forgiving the past Affirms First Nations?

Collective Rights Pop Test 1) 2) 3) 4) What makes Collective Rights different from Individual Rights? Which groups have Collective Rights in Canada? What is one reason the Anglophones needed to sign treaties with the First Nations? List one specific Act/law that tried to assimilate the First Nations.

The Relationship between the Canadian Government and the Aboriginals Fur Trade Aboriginal’s Nation to Nation agreement. Were necessary to help the early settlers. European’s were only interested in resources. As time went on some settlers figured out that the new colonies improved their quality of life. Royal Proclamation/ Settlement Were worried about the future. Illness and famine were harming the Aboriginal tribes. The treaties and early agreements were nation to nation agreements. They were done orally. To claim the land they needed to settle it and did not want to have to fight against the Aboriginals. The Indian Act Aboriginal’s population was smaller and they were spread out. Their treatment was not great and the treaties were never really followed. Instead of being a nation they had become wards of the Canadian Government. The government had no use for the Aboriginal people and saw the best solution as Assimilation.

The Indian Act • The Indian Act was created to assimilate the First Nations because the Europeans were ethnocentric. • The numbered treaties lead to this because they made the First Nation’s needs a responsibility of the state. • The Indian act did affirm the First Nations in that it demonstrated that they needed an official to be in charge of following the treaties and the Indian act also demonstrates that “status Indians” are a distinct group. • The Indian Act never consulted the First Nations

The Indian Act Assimilates • It defined who was allowed to receive the Treaty agreements • It also defined how the First Nations were to govern themselves (Great Law of Peace) • It restricted travel of the First Nations • Until 1960 you could not be a status Indian and vote • Restricted when the First Nations could wear traditional clothes.

Should we change the Indian Act? • Pg. 138 • What should be done about the Indian Act today?

Louis Riel and The Metis Red River Resistance 2) Scripts 3) Manitoba Act 4) Northwest Resistance 1)

Rupert’s Land • America talked about annexing the Northwest territory of Canada (ALBERTA) • Canadian government negotiated with British government and representatives from Hudson’s Bay Company for Rupert’s Land (all the territory whose rivers flowed into Hudson Bay) (Canada paid $1. 5 million for the land)

Rupert’s Land

Getting Ready to Colonize • 1869 - Act for the Temporary Government of Rupert’s land the North-West Territory • Gov’t appointed • William Mc. Dougall was in charge of getting the land ready for settlers and to govern the area • Louis Riel and a group of Metis stopped Mc. Dougall from entering the area

Population at the Red River Settlement Population in 1869 60 50 40 30 20 Population in 1869 10 0 French Metis. Country born Scottish (Scottish and Settlers and First Nations) new immigrants

Metis Resistance • Upset they had not been consulted over the sale of their homeland • Worried about the attitude of the surveyors • Canadian’s newspaper ridiculed the Metis and proclaimed Canada’s right to their “manifest destiny” • Metis created their own provisional (temporary) gov’t

Mistakes • Mc. Dougall forced his way into the territory and proclaimed sovereignty over the Red River Territory • Prime Minister Mc. Donald decided to wait till the issue with the Metis was resolved • Later Mc. Donald tried to open negotiation with the Metis but he also sent out an armed expedition to the colony to secure control

A Fix • Fire Mc. Dougall • Ask Bishop Alexander back and let him take over the colony • Get the Hudson Bay Company to negotiate with the Metis

Riel’s Provisional Government • Drew up a bill of rights in Nov. 1869 that they wanted

Opposition • Doctor in one of the towns started a group that planned to take over Riel’s group • Riel’s group imprison the rebel group of Canadians • Promise to release prisoners if they obey the provisional gov’t • The a member of the group proved to be a tough prisoner and so Riel’s government tried him in their court as a trouble maker

• Riel’s court found Scott guilty • Scott was executed • Turned this event into a crisis for Canada

Primary Source It would be a gross injustice to the loyal inhabitants of Red River, humiliating to our national honor, and contrary to all British traditions for our Government to receive, negotiate or meet with the emissaries of those who have robbed, imprisoned and murdered loyal Canadians, whose only fault was zeal for British institutions, whose only crime was devotion to the old flag.

Manitoba Act • Created the new province of Manitoba • Manitoba received its own legislative assembly, four federal members of Parliament and two senators • Ottawa denied Man. Control over its own public lands and natural resources (Same with North-West Territories) • Allowed protection for French in Man. (Bilingual)

Louis Riel • Riel leaves after Manitoba becomes a province. • Riel would have been arrested due to the Scott trial and for Treason against Canada • Riel goes to the States

Script • Instead of establishing reserves the gov’t gave a choice to the Metis. • Script could allow some Metis to become “Treaty Indians” • Or the Script could be used to establish ownership of large areas of land where the Metis could live together. • Many Metis sold their scrip and left Manitoba (went to AB and Sask)

Northwest Resistance • First Nations treaty agreements not being followed (famine) • Metis scared about more settlers coming to AB and Sask.

COLLECTIVE RIGHTS Powerful Questions 2) Metis 3) Francophone Rights for Quebec 4) Rants 1)

Powerful Questions • Are useful in recognizing what is really important and how the information works together. • It creates better answers.

Powerful Questions Write the numbers down of the powerful questions. 1) Who has collective rights in Canada? 2) Why do specific groups in Canada have collective rights? 3) How has history influenced collective rights in Canada?

Questions from Friday • Why did Riel stand up for his land? • Why did Mc. Dougal rebel against Louis Riel? • After Riel left, why didn’t the people keep fighting for what they believed in? • If there were still some French people in Manitoba why was their bilingual status lost? • Why did Louis Riel come back when they still wanted to try him for murder? • Why didn’t the government get rid of Louis Riel earlier? • What would stop the Americans from taking over, even though there were people? • Why did the Anglophone fathers leave the Metis children? • Why wouldn’t the Metis, First Nations really fight for their land? • How long did the rebellions last and how many people were lost during them?

Northwest Resistance • Metis not given the land promised in the scripts so they moved west • Metis and country born (Prince Alberta area) welcomed Whoops! Riel had been hospitalized in Riel back because theyasylums believed he could lead them to two mental in Quebec and had victory again spent years in exile in the United States. He was convinced that God had chosen hi “prophet of the New World” and he wanted to create a reformed Roman Catholic state on the prairies.

Northwest Resistance • Metis saw this resistance like the Red River Resistance as a way to assert their rights • Canadian’s (especially Anglophone) saw it as an attempt to overthrow the gov’t

North-West Rebellion of 1885 • Originally Riel and his followers petitioned Ottawa peacefully • Was asking the government to kept their treaty promises with the First Nations, grant land for mixed bloods create a responsible government for the North-West Territories, create a rail road, reduce tariffs and allow representation in the Federal gov’t

Provisional Gov’t • Once again Riel established a provisional gov’t • This time Riel had to deal with the federal police force, thousands of settlers and a railroad that made it easier to transport soldiers. • Riel’s group was not as dedicated as the first time.

Trials after the Resistance • First Nation’s received harsher punishment • Was used as a message to ensure the First Nations would not challenge Ottawa again • A jury of 6 (British background) tried Louis Riel for treason • Riel pleaded not guilty

Statement by Riel “The federal government, besides doing nothing to satisfy the people of this great land, has even hardly been able to answer once or give a single response. That the fact indicates an absolute lack of responsibility, and therefore insanity complicated by paralysis. ”

L’Association des Metis de l’Alberta (Now Metis Nation of Alberta) • Lobbied Alberta’s gov’t to set aside land for the Metis • Alberta’s gov’t passed the Metis Population Betterment Act in 1938, which established Metis settlements in Alberta (pg. 155) • This lobby group was influenced by the Great Depression

Problems with the Settlements Temporary settlements did not give Metis control of the land 2) Settlements were not suitable (bad farming, hunting or fishing) 1)

1990 New Settlements for the Metis • Alberta’s gov’t created legislation which created permanent land bases with the right to manage their own affairs • Gave Metis autonomy • Pg. 157

Getting Collective Rights for the Metis Pg. 156 How do these events reflect the Metis struggle to gain collective rights? How do they reflect changes in the view of Canada’s government regarding Metis collective rights?

Metis Rights (pg 158) • Allowed to hunt and fish because of their relationship with land • These rights have been changed and are being challenged since 2004

Language Rights for Minorities 1) 2) 3) 4) What influence does French have in Alberta? Connect to the Big Ideas (MAP) Challenges/Oppertunities Language Rights in Canada

Map of Alberta • Using the map of Alberta or from your previous knowledge can you find any towns, cities or other listed information on the map that was influenced by the French language. • Using your previous knowledge can you think of any words you use that come from the French language? • Do you believe that bilingualism is important to Canadians?

Another Map • Page 142 Connect to the big ideas Find some one who has similar initials as you. (Ex. RJ look for some one who has an R or a J)

Draw the following table Opporunities Rachel St. Laurent Devin Mens Challenges

Language Rights • French and English are the official languages of Canada • Canadian’s have the right to receive services from the Federal government in French or English. • New Brunswick is the only official bilingual province (government services in French and English)

Section 23 • French or English minorities that have a sufficient population in any location have the right to have a publicly funded school that serves their language community. (34 Francophone schools in Alberta)

Why bilingualism? • Two distinct groups created Canada: Francophone and Anglophone • BNA established a bicultural, bilingual country with rights for both Anglophone and Francophone • During the 19 th century this language divide also included a religious dived. Francophone= Catholic and Anglophone= English

Ideal instead of Reality • The BNA act created a bilingual country but for a while that was only on paper, ESPECIALLY FOR FRANCOPHONE MINORITIES PG 147 Did you know? What effect do you think the laws described on this page would have on a minority-language group?

Putting Francophone Rights into Action 1) How does official bilingualism help create a society in which all Canadians belong? 2) In what way is asserting collective rights an act of citizenship? 3) In what way does it build a society in which people of different identities and perspectives can belong?

Francophone Rights in Quebec • Canada is bilingual • This allows Quebec to speak French and protect their culture • Government Services in French and education in French • But also protects English in Quebec. (allowed English signs in Quebec as long as they are also in French)

For Test Review • Ch. 4 outline • Notes • Text book pages we talked about

Review

True or False 1.

MC • Because the Canadian government believed that First Nations peoples needed guidance and that their ways were inferior to those of Europeans, it created which of the following? • A. Numbered Treaties • B. Nunavut Land Claims Agreement • C. Aboriginal Rights • D. Indian Act

Answer • D • Why the Indian act and not the Treaties?

MC • Which of the following statements about language rights in Canada is false? • A. All citizens have the rights to access federal government services in either French or English. • B. All citizens have the right to have their children educated in their first language- French, English, or any other. • C. Within the legal system, all people have the right to an interpreter in the language of their choice if they are unable to understand the proceedings. • D. When warranted by sufficient number, all citizens have the right to public funds for education in the linguistic minority (either French or English) of a province.

Answer • B