Chapter 4 Graphs and Plots Why Use Graphs

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Chapter 4: Graphs and Plots

Chapter 4: Graphs and Plots

Why Use Graphs? • Provide more understandable picture of data. • Provide an “eyeball”

Why Use Graphs? • Provide more understandable picture of data. • Provide an “eyeball” test of the data. Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 2

Graphing Continuous Data (1 of 11) Principles of Graph Construction • Depiction of frequency.

Graphing Continuous Data (1 of 11) Principles of Graph Construction • Depiction of frequency. • X-axis: abscissa. • Y-axis: ordinate. Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 3

Graphing Continuous Data (2 of 11) Principles of Graph Construction Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third

Graphing Continuous Data (2 of 11) Principles of Graph Construction Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 4

Graphing Continuous Data (3 of 11) Principles of Graph Construction • Indication of variables

Graphing Continuous Data (3 of 11) Principles of Graph Construction • Indication of variables and frequency. • No single graph best for tabular data. • Conventions for constructing graphs: Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 5

Graphing Continuous Data (4 of 11) Principles of Graph Construction Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third

Graphing Continuous Data (4 of 11) Principles of Graph Construction Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 6

Graphing Continuous Data (5 of 11) Principles of Graph Construction Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third

Graphing Continuous Data (5 of 11) Principles of Graph Construction Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 7

Graphing Continuous Data (6 of 11) Histogram • Graph for continuous data. • Continuous

Graphing Continuous Data (6 of 11) Histogram • Graph for continuous data. • Continuous data on X-axis. • Reading a histogram. Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 8

Graphing Continuous Data (7 of 11) Histogram Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE

Graphing Continuous Data (7 of 11) Histogram Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 9

Graphing Continuous Data (8 of 11) Frequency Curve or Line Graph • Connecting bars

Graphing Continuous Data (8 of 11) Frequency Curve or Line Graph • Connecting bars of at midpoints. • Interpreting the curve. • Constructing a curve without a histogram. Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 10

Graphing Continuous Data (9 of 11) Frequency Curve or Line Graph Steinberg, Statistics Alive!,

Graphing Continuous Data (9 of 11) Frequency Curve or Line Graph Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 11

Graphing Continuous Data (10 of 11) Boxplot or Box-and-Whisker Plot • Graph for comparing

Graphing Continuous Data (10 of 11) Boxplot or Box-and-Whisker Plot • Graph for comparing several variables. • More of summary of distribution. • Uses a box and two whiskers. • Useful pieces of information. Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 12

Graphing Continuous Data (11 of 11) Boxplot or Box-and-Whisker Plot Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third

Graphing Continuous Data (11 of 11) Boxplot or Box-and-Whisker Plot Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 13

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (1 of 7) • • Normal curve. Middle score. Perfectly

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (1 of 7) • • Normal curve. Middle score. Perfectly symmetric. Skewed distribution. Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 14

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (2 of 7) Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (2 of 7) Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 15

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (3 of 7) Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (3 of 7) Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 16

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (4 of 7) • • Kurtosis distribution. Leptokurtic distribution. Platykurtic

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (4 of 7) • • Kurtosis distribution. Leptokurtic distribution. Platykurtic distribution. Bimodal and uniform distributions. Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 17

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (5 of 7) Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (5 of 7) Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 18

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (6 of 7) Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (6 of 7) Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 19

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (7 of 7) Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE

Symmetry, Skew, and Kurtosis (7 of 7) Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 20

Graphing Discrete Data (1 of 4) Bar Graph • Graph appropriate for nominal data.

Graphing Discrete Data (1 of 4) Bar Graph • Graph appropriate for nominal data. • Constructing a bar graph. • Reading a bar graph. Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 21

Graphing Discrete Data (2 of 4) Bar Graph Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition ©

Graphing Discrete Data (2 of 4) Bar Graph Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 22

Graphing Discrete Data (3 of 4) Pie Graph • Circle: “slices” represent percentages. •

Graphing Discrete Data (3 of 4) Pie Graph • Circle: “slices” represent percentages. • Creating a pie graph. • Reading a pie graph. • Uses of pie graph. Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 23

Graphing Discrete Data (4 of 4) Pie Graph Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition ©

Graphing Discrete Data (4 of 4) Pie Graph Steinberg, Statistics Alive!, Third Edition © SAGE Publications, 2021. 24