Chapter 4 GOVERNMENT Ancient India China Southeast Asia

Chapter 4 GOVERNMENT • Ancient India • China • Southeast Asia

Chapter 4 GOVERNMENT

Ancient India • India was ruled by kings during its ancient period • Many kings ruled different parts of India • Kings were regarded as being divine or god-like Capital City Inner Provinces Outer Provinces Border Zones

Ancient India Inner Circle -Capital City Ø king’s palace (most powerful man in the capital city) Øsurrounded by nobles and members of his own family Ø“brains” of the government mantris/ministers (usually priest or a holy man)

Ancient India Second Circle –Inner Provinces Ø lands of kings who had been defeated during wars Øled by a ‘governor’ - representative often relative of the king Øreported directly to the king Øwatched over many officials whose duties included collecting taxes, maintaining law and order & judges in the law courts

Ancient India Third Circle –Outer Provinces Øking’s power was weaker Økings and governors shared power with local kings Øleft alone (so long they paid taxes) Ømade frequent tours (elephant-back) Økept strong armies to watch over local kings

Ancient India Fourth Circle – Border Zones Øking’s power was the weakest Øpower would overlapped with that of neighboring kings ØPeople chose which king they wanted to show their loyalty

Ancient India Chandragupta Maurya Øpowerful cities and wealthy kingdoms were established on the Ganges Plain Ømost powerful kingdom was Magadha ØAlexander the Great invaded (northern part of India) and allowed Prince Chandragupta Maurya to overthrow the king of Magadha (so laid the Mauryan empire & dynasty)

Ancient India Chandragupta Maurya Øgovernment was highly organised Øempire was divided into provinces with trusted official Øcities were ruled by committees ØChandragupta still has the absolute authority Øharsh punishments were given to criminals Øhighway connected the capital city to the north western border

Ancient India Chandragupta Maurya Øcrops grew more easily because of irrigation Øwhole northern India was unified for the first time ***after the fall of Mauryan dynasty, India was again broken up into several kingdoms until after 500 years later that it was unified again under the Gupta Dynasty (north) and Chola Dynasty (south) ***Centralised rule, empire was ruled by the emperor in one place-the capital

China Feudalism Feudal shi gave tribute to the king King allowed feudal shi to rule his lands Farmers worked for the feudal shi Feudal shi allowed farmers to farm and protected them

China ØWestern Zhou dynasty (next dynasty after Shang) ‘shi’ respected and supported the king (1027 -771 BCE) ØLater years of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (771– 221 BCE) ‘shi’ become greedy for land the king couldn’t control them anymore (Period of Warring State) during this period China was broken up into several kingdoms ØIn 221 BCE, feudalism ended & was replaced by centralised government also called as unitary system of government (China’s imperial unification) ØA prince defeated the ‘shi’ to unify China and established the Qin dynasty

China Capital –Emperor Provinces –inspector, military & civilian governor

China Ø Qin Shihuang - removed the feudal system, first emperor who unified China Øempire was divided into 36 provinces Øeach province had a military governor (in-charge of the army), civilian governor (in-charge of everyday matters) and an inspector (watched over the two governors) Østandard measures and coins were introduced Øsingle script was introduced (all other different forms were abolished) Øhelped created unity amongst people of China ØCruelty (person who broke the law will be executed along with his entire family ***Qin Shihuang died in 210 BCE and the Qin dynasty was overthrown 4 years later

China Mandate of Heaven – blessings from heaven given to a Chinese emperor to rule (was invented by the Zhou dynasty – to explain why they overthrew the Shang’s) Civil Service – government departments and the people who work in them (introduced during the Han Dynasty 202 – 220 BCE by Han Wudi)

Southeast Asia Government in Southeast Asia 4 Ancient Kingdoms Ø Funan Kingdom ØKhmer Kingdom ØSrivijaya Kingdom ØMelaka Kingdom ØDivine Kingship - kingdoms saw themselves as divine rulers (when southeast Asian rulers converted Islam (c. 14 th century CE), they stopped seeing themselves as gods

Southeast Asia **Southeast Asia adopted features of foreign government that were useful and rejected those that were not suited to their local environment. (cultural adaptation) ***Melaka Sultanate – Ø one of the most capable kings was Parameswara, set up the government of Melaka in 1403 CE Ø was one of the wealthiest and most powerful kingdoms, Ø at its strongest, during 15 th century CE, Melaka controlled the whole of Malay Peninsula and Eastern part of Sumatra.

Southeast Asia Capital - Sultan Provinces - Governors Vassal States – Sultan’s relatives

Southeast Asia Inner Circle - Capital city was directly ruled by the Sultan and assisted by four ministers ØBendahara – chief minister ØBendahari – finance minister ØTemenggong – chief of police ØLaksamana - commander of the navy

Southeast Asia Middle Circle - Provinces ruled by governors appointed by the sultan Øprovided manpower Øvital source of rice, fish and vegetable ØProvided important natural product (tin)

Southeast Asia Outer Circle – Vassal States mostly independent but were also under the protection of the sultan Øruled by the sultan’s relative Ørulers pay tribute to the sultan

Southeast Asia Parameswara’s Achievements: Øform alliance with Chinese emperor to ensure protection Øappointed ‘syahbandars’ to look after the needs of foreign traders Øtrading headquarters were shifted from north Sumatra to Melaka

The Three Civilisations Ø decentralised rule – throughout the history many Kings ruled different parts of Ancient India, China And Southeast Asia Øperiods of centralised rule – Northern Kingdoms of India (Mauryan c. 322 -185 BCE), Gupta (c. 320 -550 BCE) Southern Kingdoms (Chola 850 – 1267 BCE) China - Qin Shihuang of Qin Dynasty (221 - 206 BCE)

The Three Civilisations Ø Divine Rulers– most kings, emperors of Ancient India, China and Southeast Asia saw themselves as being divine Ancient India – representatives of the gods on earth China - son of Heaven (mandate of heaven) Southeast Asia – performed certain ceremonies that showed divine position (adapted from Indian customs)

Questions 1. Who were the “brains” of the government of Ancient India? 2. A kingdom was divided into smaller areas of land called? 3. Which Greek Emperor invaded the Indus region? 4. What was the most powerful kingdom in the Ganges Plain? 5. What was its capital city? 6. Who overthrew the King of Magadha? 7. Give 3 major achievements of Chandragupta’s empire 8. 9. 10. Cite two more dynasties which unified India under one rule. 11. 12. What do you call the ‘gifts’ made as form of respect to the king in Feudal times in China 13. What do you call the men that were given by kings land? 14. What came after the feudalism system?

Questions 15. Which dynasty started it? 16. Who was the first emperor to unify China? 17. The ancient Chinese believed that heaven wanted people to be ruled wisely and justly. What do you call this idea? 18. ____ government departments and the people who work in them. 19. Which dynasty established this? 20. Four Ancient Kingdoms in Southeast Asia 21. 22. 23. 24. __ adopting features of a foreign government that were useful and rejected those that were not suited. 25. Where was the trading headquarters of Melaka Kingdom before it was moved to Melaka? 26. Which King of the Melaka Kingdom converted to Islam?

Questions 27. What were the four ministers that assisted the Sultan of the city of Melaka? 28. 29. 30. -