Chapter 4 First Age of Empires 1570 BC

Chapter 4 First Age of Empires 1570 BC – 200 BC

Egyptians & Nubians ► Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt § Hyksos ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 BC ► Had ► chariots Hebrews Migrate to Egypt § Arrived around 1650 BC ► Expulsion Slavery § By 1600 BC, the Egyptians grew strong ► Under Queen Ahhotep & Pharaoh Kamos § Drove Hyksos out

The New Kingdom in Egypt ► 1570 -1075 BC § Built an empire: control of several peoples or states under one ruler ► Hatshepsut's Prosperous Rule § began rule in 1472 BC § Encouraged trade instead of war § major trade expedition to Punt (Somalia) ► Thutmose the Empire Builder § Stepson-may have murdered Hatshepsut § Thutmose III armies took Syria & n part of Euphrates Pushed into Nubia ► Conquered an empire ► § no longer isolated

The New Kingdom ► Egyptians & Hittites § Conflict over Syria & Palestine § Battle at Kadesh-1285 BC § Peace treaty ► became ► allies Age of Builders § Hidden tombs in desert cliffs § Valley of Kings near Thebes § Ramses built monumental statues/temples § tomb found in 199550 of his 52 sons buried with him

The Empire Declines ► Invasions by “Sea People”-1208 § Palestinian revolts & Libyan invaders ► Empire Fades § never recovered power/ prestige § Libyans ruled- 950 to 730 BC ► Adopted Egyptian culture § Nubians did too

Kushites Conquer Nile Egypt dominated Nubia & Kush for centuries ► Conquered Egypt ► Interaction of Nubia & Egypt ► § Forced rule on Nubia during New Kingdom § Heavily influenced Nubia § Nubian princes lived in Egypt- adopted their culture § Regained independence around 1200 BCE

Kushites ► Piankhi Captures Egypt-751 BCC § overthrew Libyan pharaoh § United Nile River valley § Began 25 th dynasty of Egypt ► Erected monument in Kush to celebrate § Assyrians conquered Egypt- 671 BCEended dynasty

Golden Age of Meroë ► Kushite royal family moved to Meroë ► Wealth of Kush § Traded with Africa, India, Arabia § Plentiful rainfall & iron supplies ► The Decline of Meroë § Declined around 250 to 150 BC § Another city, Aksum, dominated their trade

The Assyrians Mighty Military Machine § Learned to fight while defending their land § Most feared/hated empire in region § Foot soldiers, chariots, iron weapons, cavalry ► Treated People poorly § Burned cities, tortured/killed captives, heavy taxes § Deported entire populations § One king, Sennacherib, claimed to destroy 89 cities and 820 villages ► Military Organization and Conquest § Nineveh the capital § Start conquering 900 BC ► Well equipped with iron weapons § Tiglath-pileser & Ashurbanipal led campaigns ►

The Assyrians Empire Expands Conquered Syria, Palestine, Babylonia, Anatolia, and Egypt ► Assyrian Rule ► ► § Peaked around 650 BC § Royal Roads § Divided empire into provinces w/ local rulers § Well organized military § State of the art technology ► Ruled through fear/terror § Left markers so others wouldn’t revolt § Destroyed cities-exiled people who refused to pay tribute § Burned cities, hung skin on walls, piled skulls § Built large library at Nineveh

Empire Crumbles Enemies formed alliance- conquered Nineveh in 612 BC ► Babylon reborn under Chaldeans ► Started a revival for Babylon ► § Built into a monumental city Reached height under King Nebuchadnezzar II (605 -562) § Extended empire § Deported Jews § Built Hanging Gardens ► Loved astronomy & maps ► Poor harvest & slow trade hurt them ►

The Persians ► Rise of Persia § Modern day Iran Cyrus I. was founder ► Conquered the Medes in 540 s ► § Swept down from mountains of Iran in 539 BC § Cyrus II conquered Babylon ► Allowed Jews to return to homeland in 538 BCE-allowed to rebuild temple § Eventually took over Mesopotamia, Syria, Canaan, Phoenicia, Lydia, and Greek citystates of Asia Minor (Ionia) § Tolerant to others cultures § Allowed to retain their own language, religions, and customs ► Killed in battle on eastern border

Persian Rule ► Cambyses and Darius § Conquered Egypt in 525 BC ► Ruled harshly, unlike his father ► Died eight years later, revolts erupted § Darius seized the throne with the help of the Ten Thousand Immortals in 522 BC § Spent the next three years putting down revolts § Then began conquering Afghanistan ► Empire went from the Nile to the Indus River, 3, 000 miles with 50 million people

Persian Rule • Divided it into provinces or satraps § Military officials & tax collectors were “eyes & ears” of king § People paid tribute & soldiers § Crushed rebellion quickly § Brought artisans from all over empire to build Persepolis § Encouraged trade: used coins § Royal Road- 1, 677 miles stops every 14 miles with food, water, horses § Messengers could travel in 7 days

Persian Legacy: Zoroastrianism § Before 500 s BCE, polytheistic § 570 BCE, Zoroaster reformed religion § Strict moral code § Struggle between good & evil-human choice § Ahura Mazda: good, Ahriman: Bad § achings linked to glorifying kings § Pomp & pageantry § Zoroaster influenced Judaism, Christianity, Islam: heaven, hell, Last Judgment ► Political Order § Tolerance & good govt. brought order & stability to the region

Unification of China ► Confucius and the Social Order ► Confucius Urges Harmony § Born Kongfuzi in 551 BC § Good govt. & social harmony achieved if people used ethics § Reciprocity ► ► Golden Rule Five Relationships § For moral behavior § Learn by example § Stressed filial piety ► Family a mini society § After his death, 479 BC, work collected into The Analects ► Confucian Ideas About Govt. § Education could transform anyone into a gentleman § Laid the groundwork for bureaucracy ► A trained civil service

Legalism • Rejected Confucianism § Strict laws/harsh punishments § Hanfeizi § Humans evil by nature § Favored by Qin Emperor § Helped unify China § Too harsh, never used again

A. Confucius cont. Harmony w/ nature ► 4. Taoist Ideas ► § Laozi, 500 s BC § Could be a Taoists and Confucianists ► Govt. ► vs. individual 5. Yin and Yang § Two opposing forces § Yin: cool, dark, female, submissive § Yang: warm, light, male, aggressive § Need balance

The Qin Dynasty Local lords revolted against the Zhou ► 1. A New Emperor ► By 221 BC, Qin wiped out the Zhou ► § Qin Shi Huangdi ► United the area under a strong, central govt. § Attacked invaders north of the Huang He and pushed as far south as Vietnam § 36 Military districts, standardized coins, laws, and writing § Commanded all nobles live in his capital ► Uprooted 120, 000 families § Forced labor for roads and canals § Legalists murdered hundreds of Confucian scholars to prevent criticism ► Burned useless books

B. The Qin cont. ► 2. A Program of Centralization § Built a network of 4, 000 miles of roads ► Trade boomed § Set standards throughout China for writing, law, currency, and weights and measures ► 3. Great Wall of China § 300, 000 troops worked to build the 4, 000 mile wall § Keep Mongolians out § Thousands died ► 4. The Fall of the Qin § § Cruel tyrant 210 BC, Qin died, so did the dynasty Peasants rebelled against the son By 202 BC, the Han Dynasty replaced the Qin