Chapter 4 Child Development Principles and Theories Child

Chapter 4 Child Development Principles and Theories

Child Development Definitions Areas of Development • Development: refers to change or growth that occurs in children. • Infants: from birth to 12 months. • Toddlers: from 1 year to 3 years old. • Preschooler: ages 3 to 6 • Physical: body – Gross-motor development – Fine-motor development • Cognitive: intellect • Social Emotional: feelings

Basic Patterns • Development happens from the head down and is also called “cephalocaudal” • Development happens from the center of the body and extends outward and is also called “ proximodistal” • Maturation refers to the sequence of biological changes in children.

Which is more important in brain development? Nature of nurture? QUESTION

ANSWER • Human development depends on the interaction between nature and nurture or heredity and environment. • FIGURE 4 -5 PAGE 97

Window of Opportunity • Studies show that there are windows of opportunity for normal development. • Vision: covering the eyes for the first six months can damage stunt the development. • Speech: Infants need to hear language- speak in full sentences and keep the vocabulary robust.

Continued Emotional Control: between birth and three years of age is critical. they thrive on constant relationships. Math/Logic: The critical time period for children to develop this is between 1 and 4 years old. • Motor: from the womb to eight years old. – Children requires a large amount of gross and fine motor skills.

Psychological Development • Erikson proposed a theory of psychological development. He feels that development continued throughout one’s life. • Stage 1: trust Vs. mistrust: in the first 18 months children learn to trust or mistrust their environment • Stage 2: Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt: 18 months and 3 years old children want to be independent, but they need guidance.

Psyche Development • Stage 3: Initiative Vs. Guilt: between 3 and 5 children learn that what they do in the world has effects. • Stage 4: Industry Vs. Inferiority: 6 and 12 years old is a priority of encourage children. Realistic goals will help children with the “self”