Chapter 4 Assessment of stress The Stimulusbased Model

Chapter 4 Assessment of stress

The Stimulus-based Model of stress • Life Change Index Scale • It is a 43 items self administration scale. • The person will be asked to check if an event has occurred in the past year, or is expected in the nearly future. If the event has occurred or is expected to occur more than once, multiply the assigned number by the frequency of the event. • The score will predict the likelihood of illness in the nearly future (Holme & Rahe, 1967)

2. The Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM) • This self administration tool is based on the cognitiverelational theory that emphasizes the fundamental role of cognitive appraisal in the stress process. • 6 dimensions of primary and secondary appraisal were included: • Threat - Controllable-by-self • Challenge - Controllable-by-others • Centrality - Uncontrollable-by-anyone (Peacock & Wong, 1990)

The Transactional Model of Stress • 1. Stress Coping Resources Inventory: • The 32 questions relate to factors most closely associated with the individual capacity to cope successfully with stress. • Wellness Scale 7 • Thought Control Scale 6 • Active Coping Scale 7 • Social Ease Scale 6 • Tension reduction Scale 2 (Matheny & Mc. Carthy, • Spiritual Practice Scale 4 2000)

2. Hassles Scale • It is a 119 items self administration scale. The person will be asked to check each hassle that he/she is currently experiencing using the following scale: • 1 = Somewhat severe • 2 = Moderately severe • 3 = Extremely severe (Kanner et al, 1981)

3. Parenting Daily Hassles Scale • It is a 20 items self administration scale. The person will be asked to check each hassle that he/she has experienced within the past 6 months using the following scale: • How often it happens • How severe of the hassles (Crnic & Booth, 1991)

4. The Uplifts Scale • It is a 136 items self administration scale. The person will be asked to check each item that make him/her feel good in the past month using the following scale: • How often it happens (Kanner, Coyne, Schaefer, & Lazarus, 1989)

5. Coping Scale • Asking how often the person apply coping to deal with stress. • There are 24 positive copings and 20 negative copings • The scale help to determine whether the person applies positive or negative copings more in his/her life. (Anspangh, 2009)

The Response-based Model of stress • 1. Smith Stress Symptoms Inventory (SSSI) • a multidimensional, 35 -item scale that measures frequently reported stress symptoms including 6 symptom categories: • • • Worry/negative emotion Attentional deficits Striated muscle tension Autonomic arousal/anxiety Depression Interpersonal conflict/anger (Smith, J. C. , 2002)

2. Personal Stress Symptom Inventory • Expression of 3 basic response channels due to inability to cope : • (1) thinking • (2) feeling • (3) behaving. (Matheny & Mc. Carthy, 2000)

3. Symptoms of stress • Ask about frequency of symptoms experience: • Headaches • Tense muscles, sore neck, and back • Fatigue • Anxiety, worry, phobias • Difficulty falling asleep • Irritability • Insomnia • Bouts of anger/hostility • Boredom, depression • Eating too much or too little • Diarrhea, cramps, gas, constipation • Restlessness, itching, tics (Matheny & Mc. Carthy, 2000)

5. Perceived Stress Scale • The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), developed in 1983 and is a classic stress assessment instrument, determine how different situations affect person’s feelings and perceived stress during the last month. • upset because of something that happened unexpectedly • felt unable to control the important things in life • felt nervous and stressed • felt confident about own ability to handle personal problems • felt that things were going own way • could not cope with all the things that had to do • able to control irritations in your life • felt that a person were on top of things • been angered because of things that happened that were outside of control (Cohen, • felt difficulties were piling up so high that could not overcome them

6. The Ardell Wellness Stress Test • The Ardell Wellness Stress Test, 25 items, incorporates physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and social aspects of health for a balanced assessment. Individuals will be ask to rate their satisfaction with each of the following items by using this scale: • + 3 = Ecstatic -1 = Mildly disappointed + 2 = Very happy -2 = Very disappointed + 1 = Mildly happy -3 = Completely dismayed 0 = Indifferent (Matheny & Mc. Carthy,

7. Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales • The DASS is a 42 -item self report instrument designed to measure three related negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and tension/stress. • The person will be asked to indicate how much the statement applied to him/her over the past week. (Psychology Foundation of Australia, 2014)