Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Properties
- Slides: 42
Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
Properties of Aqueous Solutions § Weak electrolytes exist mostly as molecules
Precipitation Reactions • Precipitation reactions are those that result in the formation of an insoluble product
Precipitation Reactions • Precipitation reactions occur when certain pairs of oppositely charged ions attract to each other so strongly that they form an insoluble ionic solid
Precipitation Reactions • Solubility of a substance is the amount of that substance that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent
Precipitation Reactions • Any substance with a solubility less than 0. 01 mol/L will be referred to as insoluble
Precipitation Reactions • The solubility guidelines for common ionic compounds in water is organized by anions
Precipitation Reactions
Precipitation Reactions • To predict whether a precipitate will form when we mix aqueous solutions of electrolytes …
Precipitation Reactions • (1)note the ions present in the reactants • (2) consider combinations of anions and cations • (3) use the table to predict if any of the combinations are insoluble
Precipitation Reactions • Will a precipitate form when aqueous solution of magnesium nitrate and sodium hydroxide are mixed?
Precipitation Reactions • A molecular equation shows the complete chemical formulas of the reactants and the products
Precipitation Reactions • A complete ionic equation shows all strong electrolytes as ions rather than as compounds
Precipitation Reactions • Spectator ions are ions that appear as identical forms on both sides of the equation; they are present but don’t play a direct role in the reaction
Precipitation Reactions • Net ionic equations do not show spectator ions
Writing Net Ionic Equations • Write a balanced mol. E. q • Rewrite to show ions that form in solution • Cancel spectator ions
Acid-Base Reactions • Acids produce H+ when dissolved in water • Acids are proton donors
Acid-Base Reactions • Bases accept H+ions • Bases produce OH when they dissolve in water
Acid-Base Reactions • Strong acids and bases are strong electrolytes – ionize completely
Acid-Base Reactions • Weak acids and bases are weak electrolytes – partially ionize ( do not write in ionized form)
Acid-Base Reactions • List Strong Acids and Bases
Acid-Base Reactions
Identifying Strong, Weak, and Non Electrolytes Chart Strong Ionic Molecular Soluble Strong Acids Weak Non N/A Weak Acids Weak Bases (NH 3) Insoluble All other compounds
Classifying SE, WE, or NE • 1. Is it ionic or molecular? • 2. If ionic – is it soluble? • 3. If molecular – is it an acid? • 4. If an acid – strong or weak? • 5. Is it weak base NH 3? • 6. Everything else is a non electrolyte
Acid-Base Reactions • A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and base are mixed producing water and salt • Salt means any ionic compound whose cation comes from the base and anion from the acid
Acid-Base Reactions • Reactions with the S 2 - ion or 2 CO 3 ion with acids will form gases with low solubility in water
Oxidation Numbers Oxidation numbers of an atom in a substance are a hypothetical charge based on a set of rules. 1. For an atom in its elemental form the oxidation number is always zero 2. For any monatomic ion the oxidation number equals the charge on the ion
Oxidation Numbers • 3. Nonmetals usually have negative oxidation numbers. a. O is – 2 except in peroxides where O 22 giving each O – 1. b. H is +1 with nonmetals and – 1 with metals. c. F is – 1 in all compounds. Other halogens have – 1 except when combined with oxygen they have positive oxidation states.
Oxidation Numbers • 4. The sum of oxidation numbers of all atoms in a neutral compound is 0. • The sum of oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Reactions where electrons are transferred between reactants
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Oxidized – when an atom, ion, or molecule becomes more positively charged (lost e-) • Reducing Agent = the substance that is oxidized
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Reduced – when an atom, ion, or molecule has become more negative (gain e-) • Oxidizing agent = the substance that is reduced
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Determine oxidation numbers, then identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the rxn below. • 2 Ca(s) + O 2(g) 2 Ca. O(s)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • A single replacement rxn is when an ion in solution is replaced through oxidation of an element
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • Activity series is a list of metals arranged in order of decreasing ease of oxidation • Any metal on the list can be oxidized by the ions of elements below it.
Concentration of Solutions • Molarity (M) = moles of solute / L soln
Making a Solution: How do you make a 250. 0 m. L soln of 0. 1 M Cu. SO 4?
Concentration of Solutions • Electrolytes and Concentration: When an ionic compound dissolves, the relative concentration of ion depends on the chemical formula
Concentration of Solutions • A dilution can be made to concentrated stock solutions by adding water to the solutions, and therefore making them less concentrated. M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2
Solution Stoichiometry • Use mole conversions (molarity, molar mass, etc. ) and mole ratios to solve stoichiometry problems through DA
Solution Stoichiometry
- Aqueous reactions and solution stoichiometry
- Types of reactions
- Types of chemical reactions and solution stoichiometry
- Types of chemical reactions and solution stoichiometry
- Chapter 4 reactions in aqueous solutions
- Chapter 4 reactions in aqueous solutions
- Chapter 4 reactions in aqueous solutions worksheet answers
- Chapter 4 reactions in aqueous solutions
- Reactions in aqueous solutions
- Calculate the number of grams of al in 371g of al2o3
- Ions in aqueous solutions and colligative properties
- An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution
- What is an aqueous solution
- Monophasic liquids are prepared with
- Assume that an aqueous solution of a cation
- Stoichiometry map for chemical reactions
- Stoichiometry predicting amounts in reactions
- General properties of aqueous solutions
- Section 2 classifying chemical reactions
- How to write redox half reactions
- Chemical reactions section 2 classifying chemical reactions
- Chemistry unit 5 reactions balancing reactions worksheet
- Water and aqueous systems worksheet answers
- Water and aqueous systems chapter 15 answers
- Chapter 15 water and aqueous systems answer key
- Chapter 15 water and aqueous systems
- Chapter 15 water and aqueous systems
- Solution stoichiometry
- Solution stoichiometry
- Solution stoichiometry
- Molarity stoichiometry
- Chapter 11 stoichiometry test
- Reactions that produce gas
- Define concentration cells
- Chapter 13 review ions in aqueous solutions
- Chapter 10 chemical reactions
- Chapter 9 chemical reactions study guide
- Partial vapour pressure
- Intensive property and extensive properties
- Physical properties and chemical properties
- Chemical equations and reactions chapter 8 review
- Chapter 8 section 1 chemical equations and reactions
- Chapter 8 review chemical equations and reactions