Chapter 4 Ancient Greece 1750 B C 133

Chapter 4 Ancient Greece 1750 B. C. – 133 B. C.

Chapter 4, Section 1 Early People of the Aegean

Minoans Trade and Prosper Located on the island of Crete n The civilization was later named Minoa after Minos, the legendary King of Crete n Through contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia, they acquired ideas and technology in fields such as writing and architecture n n These were adopted to their culture (What does that show us? )

Minoan Civilization Disappears Reached its height between 1600 B. C. and 1500 B. C. n By about 1400 B. C. the Minoan Civilization had vanished n A sudden volcanic eruption on a nearby island or a sudden earthquake may have caused the civilization to vanish n

Mycenaean Civilization This civilization dominated the Aegean Sea from about 1400 B. C. to 1200 B. C. n Like the Minoans, the Mycenaeans were sea traders n Learned many skills from the Minoans such as: n Writing n Customs from Mesopotamia that were adopted by the Minoans n

Mycenaean Civilization This civilization was located on a steep, rocky ridge surrounded by a protective wall up to 20 feet thick n This protected them from almost any attack n Archaeologists have found treasures from wealthy rulers of this civilization n n Fine gold ornaments were found in their tombs

The Trojan War Around 1200 B. C. the Mycenaeans fought a 10 year with the independent trading city of Troy (in present day Turkey). n Troy controlled the straits between the Mediterranean and Black Seas n The War lasted approximately 10 years until the Greeks seized Troy and burnt it to the ground n n http: //www. timelessmyths. com/classical/trojanwar. html

Dorian Civilization Shortly after the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, the Dorians moved to Greece n Although the Greeks lacked writing, epics became the method used to tell stories (oral tradition) n Epics: narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds n n Homer is most commonly connected with epics and his include The Iliad and The

Epics Homer ( 750 B. C. ) was a blind poet who wandered from village to village speaking of heroic deeds n Iliad is the chief source of info about the Trojan War n Odyssey tells of the struggles of Odysseus n n Both explain a lot about Greek culture and values of the time

Greek Mythology The Greeks also developed a rich set of Myths – traditional stories about their Gods. n Greeks attributed human qualities (love, hate, jealousy, etc. ) to their Gods. n The Gods explained the un-explainable n For many years, the area of Greece existed with no advancement and was isolated from the outside world n n Eventually, city-states emerge

Chapter 4, Section 2 The Rise of Greek City - States

Geography of Greece Lies on the Balkan Peninsula. n It consists of approximately 1, 000 islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas. n Mountains cover ¾ of ancient Greece n n Transportation was very difficult. Only 20% of the land is suitable for farming. n Hard to unite and build a large empire n n Instead, it was a network of city states

Geography of Greece Sea travel became very important to the Greeks n It connected them with other societies n n Phoenician alphabet was expanded by the Greeks and became the basis for western alphabets Traded olive oil, wine, and marble around the Mediterranean n Expanded population forced them to set up colonies around the Mediterranean n n Egypt, Spain etc. . .

Governing the City - States The Polis – or City-State, began to emerge by 750 B. C. n A polis is made up of the city and its surrounding country side n n n Controlled between 50 and 500 square miles of territory The acropolis, or public center, was often located on the hilltop and was where male citizens gathered to conduct business

Forms of Government Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Direct Democracy n. State ruled by a n. State ruled by its King nobility n. Rule is hereditary and based on land ownership n. Social status and wealth support rulers’ authority small group of citizens n. Rule is hereditary n. Some rulers claim divine right n. Practiced in Mycenae (1450 B. C) n. Rule is based on citizenship wealth n. Majority rule n. Ruling group decides vote controls military n. Practiced in Athens (954 B. C. ) n. Practiced in Sparta (800 – 600 B. C. ) Athens (461 B. C. )

Sparta: A Warrior Society n Located in the southern part of Greece, Sparta was nearly cut off from the rest of Greece n n Unlike the other city-states, Sparta built a military state Sparta’s population consisted of (1) a small number of Spartan citizens and (2) a large number of peasants known as helots, who worked the land

Sparta’s Government n Two groups governed Sparta: (1) An Assembly – composed of all free adult males, elected officials, and voted on major issues n (2) Council of Elders – it proposed laws on which the assembly voted. Five elected officials called ephors carried out the laws the council passed n n In addition, two kings ruled over Sparta’s military.

Sparta’s Society n Consisted of several social groups n Citizens who descended from the original inhabitants of the region. n This included the ruling families who owned the land. Non-citizens, but free, worked in commerce and industry. n Helots, bottom of society, higher than slaves. n n Some served as household servants or worked for the hoplite warriors.

Sparta’s Education n For men, daily life centered around military training n n Boys left home at the age of 7 to join the military Sparta had the most powerful military in all of Greece All forms of individual expression were discouraged n Sparta is more important than the individual n

Athens Evolves into a Democracy Athens contrasted sharply with Sparta. n Athenian government progressed through a variety of stages: n (1) Monarchy (2) Aristocracy (3) Tyranny (4) Democracy n Repeated clashes occurred between the aristocrats who governed Athens and the common people

Leaders/Reforms in Athens n Solon – in 594 B. C. wrote laws to: (1) cancel mortgages on land n (2) free persons enslaved for debt n (3) limit the amount of land owned by one person n (4) allow all male citizens to serve on juries n (5) grant male commoners the right to vote. n n Despite all of these changes, the wealthy still retained control of the government

Leaders/Reforms in Athens n Clisthenes – in 508 B. C. expanded democracy by extending citizenship to more males and allowed all economic classes to serve in the Council n n n Ostracism: Being cut off from society Happened to anyone who was deemed dangerous to the state At this time, only 1/5 of Athenian residents were actual citizens who could participate in government

Women in Athens No share in political life n Women played their most significant role in religion n Their participation in sacred processions and ceremonies was considered essential for the city’s well – being In Athenian homes, women managed the entire household

Forces for Unity n Although divided into several hundred independent city-states, the Greeks were united by a common culture: n n n Language and literature Religion shared a polytheistic religion throughout city – states Olympic Games used to honor the Gods, especially Zeus n n The first events were composed of racing, jumping, discus, boxing, and wrestling Fear of Persia feared the Persians would try to conquer them

Review Another name for city – state is? 1) n n A B C D New York Spain Polis Acropolis In Athenian households, women managed which of the following? 2) n n A B C D Entire household Garage Cooking/cleaning Laundry

Chapter 4, Section 3 Conflict in the Greek World

The Persian Wars n The Persians controlled the entire Middle East, including Greek colonies in Asia Minor n In 500 B. C. these colonies revolted and received military aid from Athens • The King of Persia was determined to punish Athens and take over all of Greece

Persian Wars n Athenians Win at Marathon Battle of Marathon – 490 B. C. the King of Persia invaded Greece but was defeated by a smaller Athenian force n With the glad news, a Greek messenger ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens n Themistocles led Athens to prepare for and repel further attacks n n He rushed the construction of 200 additional warships and organized most Greek city-states, including Sparta, into a defensive alliance

Greek City-States Unite n Thermopylae – the Persians overwhelmed the Greeks at the Pass of Thermopylae, however 300 Spartans tried to hold the pass. n n The Greeks then evacuated Athens and tried to fight a battle in the sea n n n All were killed Two great naval battles took place at the islands of Salamis and Mycale The Persians withdrew With the Persian threat removed, the Greeks were able to develop a rich civilization.

Athenian Democracy The years after the Persian Wars (460 B. C. – 429 B. C. ) were a golden age for Athens n Pericles wise and skillful leadership helped the economy thrive and make the government more democratic n Became a direct democracy citizens took part directly in the day – to – day affairs of government n

Athenian Democracy n Athenian assembly met several times per month under Pericles Assembly consisted of 500 people n All people received stipends fixed salary for participating n Pericles believed all people, regardless of wealth or social class, should participate in government n Athenians could vote to banish or send away a public figure who they believe posed a threat n

Peloponnesian War Athens emerged as the most powerful citystate and developed the Delian League n Many others resented Athens's power and formed the Peloponnesian League under Sparta n Peloponnesian encouraged Oligarchy while Delian encouraged Democracy n War broke out and engulfed all of Greece for 27 years n

Sparta Defeats Athens Sparta declared war against Athens in 431 B. C. Sparta had the advantage because the inland city could not be attacked by the sea n The Spartans marched into Athenian territory, forcing all Athenians to retreat behind Athens’s walls n In the second year of battle, a plague killed 1/3 -2/3 of the Athenian population, including Pericles n

Sparta Defeats Athens n A second disaster struck Athens as a huge fleet, carrying 27, 000 soldiers, tried to destroy the Spartan ally, Syracuse, and this backfired n The Athenian fleet was destroyed Finally in 404 B. C. Athens surrendered n Athens lost its empire and Sparta was weakened by the war n n The anti-democratic policies were unable to unite Greece

Review Under the Athenian Democracy how many people were involved in the Assembly? 1) n n A B C D 400 25 500 100 Why did Sparta have an advantage when fighting Athens? 2) n n A B C D Sparta had many more military innovations than Athens Sparta made nasty faces towards the Athenians Athens was scared to death of Sparta The inland city could not be attacked by sea

Chapter 4, Section 4 The Glory that was Greece

Greek Philosophy During this time of uncertainty for the Greeks, people were determined to search for the truth. n Philosophy - Love and pursuit of wisdom by intellectual means and moral selfdiscipline. n Looked for truth through use of logic (reasoning) n Questioned issues of ethics and morality n Greece was known for three famous philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. n

Socrates (469 -399 B. C. ) • Advocated “Know thyself. ” • Sought truth through persistent questioning- an approach called the Socratic method. • He was brought to trial for corrupting the minds of youth, questioning tradition and disrespecting the gods. • He was condemned to death by drinking poison. • He left no writings, however, his work is found through his students, such as Plato.

Plato (427 – 347 B. C. ) • Famous work, The Republic, explained a perfectly governed society (rejected democracy because it condemned Socrates) • All citizens would fall into one of three groups: 1. Farmers and artisans (provide) 2. Warriors (defend) 3. Ruling class (govern) • The person with the greatest insight and intellect would be chosen as philosopher-King. • Educated talented women • His most famous student was Aristotle.

Aristotle (384 – 322 B. C. ) • Wrote about philosophy, science, government and literature. • His important works were Logic and Politics. • He invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic. • His work provides the basis for scientific methods used today.

Art and Architecture n The Parthenon, was not novel in style. n Rather, it was the style used to create Greek temples of 200 years. Sculpture – figures were aimed to be graceful, strong, and perfectly formed. The faces did not show laughter or anger, only serenity. n Classical Art – came from the Greek values of order, balance, and proportion. n

Art and Architecture

Greek Literature Greek Drama – the Greeks invented drama and built the first theaters in the west. n The Greeks wrote two kinds of drama: n Tragedy – a serious drama about themes such as love, hate, war or betrayal. n Comedy – contained scenes filled with funny situations and crude humor. n

Recording Events as History n Herodotus Father of History in the Western world Recorded events throughout history and went beyond writing down names of rulers and retelling war stories n Herodotus would travel to many different lands collecting information from people who lived through certain events n

Review Which famous philosopher’s work was known as “The Republic”? 1) n n n A B C Socrates Aristotle Plato Which type of Greek Drama deals with serious themes like love, hate, betrayal? 2) n n n A B C Comedy Tragedy Sit – com

Chapter 4, Section 5 Alexander and the Hellenistic Age

Empire of Alexander the Great Philip II Conquers Greece n Just north of Greece, lay the kingdom of Macedonia n n n Greeks saw them as uncivilized foreigners. Philip II became King of Macedonia in 359 B. C. He quickly formed a large army. n Eventually the Greek cities of Athens and Thebes joined to fight Philip, but it was too late. n

Empire of Alexander the Great Philip’s son, Alexander, took over Greece n Because of his accomplishments over the next 13 years, he became known as Alexander the Great n Alexander was 20 years old when he became King and had studied under Aristotle. n

Alexander Defeats Persia n Early in his days as a leader, the city of Thebes rebelled, he destroyed the entire city killing about 6, 000 people n n The rest were sold into slavery Other Greek cities gave up the idea of rebellion Once Greece was stable, he wanted to carry out his father’s idea to invade Persia Alexander was sweeping into the Persian Empire and although the Persian army was larger, surprise attacks led to Alexander gaining control of Anatolia.

Alexander Defeats Persia The King of Persia, Darius, tried to negotiate peace by offering the western third of his empire n Alexander rejected the offer, wishing to take over all of Persia n He took over Egypt, founded the city of Alexandria on the Nile and began moving east to Mesopotamia n Within a short time, the army occupied the entire Persian Empire n

Alexander Moves On n Alexander then moved east into India n He was able to defeat a powerful Indian army His soldiers were exhausted after fighting for 11 years and Alexander agreed to turn back n After one year of return, Alexander died because of a fever. He was just short of 33 years old. n

Alexander’s Death After Alexander’s death, the empire was divided into three major kingdoms: (1) Macedonia – including part of Greece (2) Syria – including most of southwest Asia (3) Egypt n These existed independently until they fell under the control of Rome n

Hellenistic Culture – the blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences. n The African city of Alexandria became the center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization n There were many advances made within the Hellenistic Culture n Art n Science n

Advancements in Science and Technology n n Astronomy – the stars and planets were studied. It was proposed that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, at first this was not accepted Math and Physics – the first Geometry text was compiled, Euclid compiled a book of geometry propositions and proofs. n n Archimedes estimated the circumference of a circle to its diameter He also invented the pulley, screw and other scientists built a force pump and even a steam engine

Advancements in Art & Philosophy Stoicism – founded by Zeno, believed in a divine power who controlled the universe. People should live a virtuous life in harmony with natural law n Sculpture – sculptors created more realistic and emotional works n n The largest known Hellenistic sculpture was the Colossus of Rhodes, which stood more than 100 feet high and was made of bronze

Review Why did Alexander reject the offer made by the King of Persia (Darius)? 1) n n A B C D Because Alexander was selfish Because Darius would have backed out Because he wanted to control all of Persia Because he had no choice Hellenistic Culture is the blending of what four influences? 2) n n A B C D African, American, Spanish, Asian Persian, Canadian, Mesopotamian, American Egyptian, Persian, American, Spanish Egyptian, Persian, Indian, Greek