Chapter 4 Age of Early Empires Egyptian Nubian

Chapter 4 Age of Early Empires - Egyptian & Nubian Assyrian Persian Unified China

■ Essential Question: –What is the difference between a “river valley civilization” & an “empire”? ■ Warm-Up Questions: –What is an “empire”? –How are “empires” different from “river valley civilizations”? –What are the advantages of having an empire?

Good Afternoon! ■ Bell Ringer! 9 -20 -16 ■ Answer in your spiral. ■ What is a fundamental (or main) difference between Judaism and Hinduism? ■ Who is the father of the Hebrews?

Independent/Partner Work ■ Chapter 3 Assessment – Answer in complete sentences – Change #1 to: Why did the Phoenicians develop a writing system? (pg 74) – Change #2 to: What were some of the achievements of King Solomon? (pg 81) – Due Today ■ Chapter 4 Vocabulary –Due Friday!! Quiz Friday!!

River Valleys to Empires… ■What is the difference between a “river valley civilization” & an “empire”?

From Civilization to Empire ■ After thousands of years of civilization in river valleys, the first empires appeared –River valley civilizations were complex societies with advanced technologies, cities, workers, writing, & institutions –Empires were advanced societies with well-organized, centralized gov’ts that conquered & ruled a variety of formerly independent people

First Age of Empires 1570 B. C. – 200 B. C. Groups from Africa to China sought to conquer other groups and spread their influence across vast regions. These societies built the world’s first great empires.

Akkadian Empire ■ The Northernmost Sumerian states were known as Akkad, and it’s people Akkadians ■ the Akkadian Empire was ruled by Sargon, who drew his power from his powerful military ■ As the Empire grew, Sargon legitimized his power by leaving those in power whom he had just conquered ■ By 2150 B. C. E. , the Babylonians, along with various other groups in an around that region slowly chipped away at the Empire.

Hyksos Egypt ■ Around 1650, Egypt was invaded by a group from Asia known as the Hyksos ■ The Hyksos conquerors were successful against Egypt due to the chariot. Which gave soldiers a speed advantage over foot soldiers ■ The Hyksos also taught the Egyptians to use bronze which made stronger weapons and tools for working in the fields

New Kingdom of Egypt 1550 B. C. – 1070 B. C.

The New Kingdom ■ 1550 B. C. to 1070 B. C. ■ Pharaohs engaged in professional military campaigns in Nubia, Syria, and Canaan ■ Hatshepsut – encouraged trade rather than war – Expedition to Punt – brought back gold, ivory, plants, animals http: //www. biography. com/people/h atshepsut-9331094#synopsis ■ Thutmose III – stepson of Hatshepsut, warlike ruler ■ Amenhotep III – The kingdom reached its peak under his rule. https: //youtu. be/6 ku. J 137 h. Ka. E

New Kingdom of Egypt Old Kingdom (Pyramids) New Kingdom (grand buildings and tombs)

Question! ■What advantages did the Hyksos possess which helped them to conquer Egypt?

Decline of New Kingdom ■ The empire that was built in the New Kingdom slowly came apart as other strong civilizations challenged Egypt’s power. ■ Invasions by land sea – From the east – tribes of Canaan attacked – From the west – Libyan raids on Egyptian villages ■ Powerless, Egypt fell to its neighbors’ invasions. – 950 -730 BC Libyan pharaohs ruled Egypt and erected cities

Nubia and Nubian Kingdom of Kush ■ As Egyptian trade increased, merchants travelled south along the Nile River Delta to Nubia to obtain ivory, ebony, frankincense and animal skins ■ Nubians were dominated by Egyptian society ■ the Nubians gained independence around 1, 000 B. C. E. ■ By 750 B. C. E. the Kush had conquered the Egyptians but by 663 B. C. E. were driven out of Egypt by the Assyrians ■ Nubia would remain a major trading empire https: //youtu. be/Nu. IJs. Gk. V 2 h 4

Nubian Society ■ Nubian society was based largely on trade ■ Most of society worked as either laborers or artisans and was mostly urban due to its geographic location ■ Nubian society was at it’s peak from around 250 B. C. E. to about 150 A. D.

Meroe ■ Active trade route among Africa, Arabia, and India ■ Abundant resource of Iron Ore – Iron weapons and tools ■ After about four centuries, Meroe began to decline – Defeated by Aksum Meroe

Good Afternoon! ■ Bellringer: 1. How did the Kingdom of Egypt become so powerful and wealthy? 2. What lead to the decline of the New Kingdom? 3. What is significant about Hatshepsut?

The Assyrian Empire ■ Around 850 BC – Assyrian acquired a large empire through advanced military operations and state of the art weaponry. ■ They wore copper armor and stiff leather. ■ Weapons were iron swords and pointed spears.

The Assyrian Empire ■ At its height, the Assyrian Empire included Mesopotamia, Israel, and Egypt. ■ These conquered lands brought taxes and tributes, cities that refused to pay were destroyed. – Tribute = peace money ■ Nineveh was the largest city at the time – 3 miles in every direction – World’s first modern library https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=6 ylfp. KTdnig

Chaldeans ■ A group of people from Southeast Mesopotamia helped to defeat the Assyrians around 600 BCE ■ New capital: Babylon ■ King Nebuchadnezzar restored the city – Created the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Great Wonders of the World

Question! ■ Write question and answer in your notes! ■What advantages did the Assyrians have in battle?

Question! ■ Write question and answer in your notes! ■Which of the Seven Wonders of the world is located in Babylon?

Persian Empire

One of the most important ancient empires were the Persians (in present-day Iran) With a powerful army, the Persians conquered Mesopotamia, Egypt, & India The Persians grew into a powerful empire under Kings Cyrus & Darius

Persian Empire § Around 1, 000 BC, Indo Europeans migrated from central Europe and southern Russia to the mountains east of the Fertile Cresent. § Pull factors included fertile farmland minerals. § Two powerful groups emerged: The Persians and the Medes

Conquest Under Cyrus • In 550 BCE the Persian king Cyrus began to conquer neighboring kingdoms • Cyrus was a unique leader, following conquest, Cyrus forbade looting and pillaging, and would allow conquered peoples to keep their religion • Cyrus was also responsible for ending the Babylonian captivity of the Jews in 538 BCE

Question! ■What pull factors led the Indo-Europeans to the Persian plain?

Persian Conquest Following Cyrus • Following his death in 530 BCE, his son Cambyses continued his father’s reign of conquests invading and destroying Egypt • Unlike his father however, Cambyses was not tolerant of foreign religions, and had Egyptian temples burned • Following Cambyses’ death, widespread rebellions broke out around the Persian Empire

Question! ■What was unusual about Cyrus’ conquests?

Good Afternoon!! ■ Quick write on a sheet of paper to turn in ■ Do you think the Assyrian’s almost exclusive reliance on military power was a good strategy for creating their empire? Why or Why not? (Thesis and 3 -4 supporting statements)

Darius • Cambyses’s successor was a noble and military commander named Darius, who, with the help of the Ten Thousand Immortals seized power around 522 BCE • Darius spent a majority of his early reign putting down various revolts • Darius would conquer Afghanistan and India, but failed to conquer Greece

The Persian Empire King Darius divided the empire into 20 provinces each ruled by a satrap (local governor) Satraps were the “eyes & ears of the king, ” collected taxes, & informed the king of uprisings

Question! ■What area did Darius fail to conquer?

Persian Culture ■ Persian religion was Zoroastrianism, which viewed life as a struggle between good & evil – Persians believed in heaven & hell as consequences for how they lived their lives Zoroastrianism influenced the views of the afterlife in Judaism, Christianity, & Islam

The Persian Empire The Persians built a network of roads in order to collect taxes & improve communication & trade throughout the empire (Royal Road)

The Persian Empire The Persians used metal coins with standardized values to help promote trade https: //youtu. be/y. Zlqgtd. Qo. Ho

The Unification of China Decline of the Zhou and rise of Confucius ■ The Zhou dynasty lasted for about 800 years 1027 BC to 256 BC – “Warring States Period” led to the decline of the Zhou Dynasty. ■ Born in 551 BCE, Confucius was born into the conflict in China, and believed order could be restored by observing and respecting five relationships: – Ruler and subject, Father and son, husband wife, older brother and younger brother, friend and friend ■ Filial piety (loyalty and respect for ones elders) was essential to Confucius’ beliefs and remains a central theme in Chinese ethos today

Confucian Government ■ Confucius believed that education was important for government officials, and therefore advocated an educated bureaucracy ■ Confucianism is NOT a religion but did become the basis for Chinese government

Daoists and Legalists ■ Chinese thinker, Laozi (6 th century) argued that the Dao, a unifying natural force, controls all things ■ Early Daoists devoted themselves to scientific study of all living things and made many advances in science and biology ■ In stark contrast were the legalists who believed government should enforce strict laws and punish dissenters harshly

QUESTION! ■ How are Confucianism and legalism different?

Qin Dynasty ■ In 221 BCE, the Qin gained control of China by eliminating internal competition, defeating foreign invaders, and crushing resistance to their rule ■ Shi Huangdi next invaded what is modern day Vietnam, doubling the size of China ■ Shi Huangdi controlled noble families by forcing them to move to China’s capital where he could watch them and carved China into 36 administrative districts, sending officials to control them ■ To prevent criticism of his government, several thousand “useless books” were burned, and hundreds of Confucian scholars were murdered

Great Wall ■ Shi Huangdi required his citizens to either pay heavy taxes, or, volunteer to serve on civil construction projects ■ Many poor farmers were sent to work on what would eventually become the Great Wall of China, an attempt by Shi Huangdi and his successors to keep out the Mongols, a group of savage horseman from Northern China (modern day Mongolia) https: //youtu. be/1 b. ZXx. Gv 52 t 8

Question ■What was the practical purpose behind the building of the Great Wall?

First Age of Empires Visual What are the similarities and differences?