CHAPTER 4 4 NOTES Roosevelts Square Deal FOCUS

CHAPTER 4. 4 NOTES Roosevelt’s Square Deal

FOCUS QUESTION What did Roosevelt think government should do for citizen’s?

ROOSEVELT’S RISE TO PRESIDENCY §Graduate of Harvard §Loved wildlife §Named Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Mc. Kinley. §Formed Rough Riders in Spanish American War. (Calvary Unit) §Elected Governor of N. Y. §Progressive beliefs §Vice President under Mc. Kinley and became President when he was assassinated

COAL STRIKE OF 1902 §Soon after Roosevelt took office, some 150, 000 Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for higher wages, shorter hours, and recognition of their union. §As winter neared, Roosevelt feared what might happen if the strike was not resolved, since Eastern cities depended upon Pennsylvania coal for heating. §Roosevelt urged mine owners and the striking workers to accept arbitration, and though the workers accepted, the owners refused.

COAL STRIKE OF 1902 §Winter drew closer, and Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines if the owners didn’t agree to arbitration, marking the first time the federal government had intervened in a strike to protect the interests of the public. §After a three-month investigation, the arbitrators decided to give the workers a shorter workday and higher pay but did not require the mining companies to recognize the union. §Satisfied, Roosevelt pronounced the compromise a “square deal. ”

SQUARE DEAL §The Square Deal became Roosevelt’s 1904 campaign slogan and the framework for his entire presidency. §He promised to “see that each is given a square deal, because he is entitled to no more and should receive no less. ” §Roosevelt’s promise revealed his belief that the needs of workers, business, and consumers should be balanced. §Roosevelt’s square deal called for limiting the power of trusts, promoting public health and safety, and improving working conditions.

ROOSEVELT AND THE RAILROADS §Railroad Reforms to boost the Interstate Commerce Commission. Elkins Act §Anti-Rebate Act or Anti- Kick Back Act §Regulates common carriers of people and freight, UPS, Greyhound, Amtrak, etc. Hepburn Act §Regulates rates for passengers and freight §Air travel cost controls §Air freight price controls

ENFORCES SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT §Sherman Anti-Trust Act- banned any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce. §Broke up many trusts including Northern Securities Company (r. r. company) and beef trusts. §Supported large corporations as long as they did business fairly.

REGULATING FOOD AND DRUG INDUSTRIES §Upton Sinclair - The Jungle §Meat Inspection Act- Required federal agents to inspect meat that went across state lines and to inspect plants. §Pure Food and Drug Act- Federal agents to inspect other foods and medicines and banned interstate shipment of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs. §Today FDA (Food and Drug Adm. ) enforces the law.

REGULATING FOOD AND DRUG INDUSTRIES Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 • Federal inspection to all packaged foods and drugs. • Labels with medicine as well as food. • Contents of food and drug packages must be listed • All additives/chemicals must be listed on labels. • FDA today or Food and Drug Administration

CONSERVATION TR’s Conservation Policy § 125, 000 acres in reserve National Reclamation Act 1902 § 25 water projects Founding of the National Park System

CONSERVATION National Forests §Conserved and preserved forests. §Gifford Pinchot- Led Division of Forestry in U. S. Department of Agriculture. §Idea that forest be preserved for public use. §John Muir-Created Yosemite National Park in 1890. §At this time they would preserve forests for logging, it later changed into public parks.

ROOSEVELT CHANGES WATER POLICY §Water was fought over in Southwest. §Private irrigation companies were taking over riverbeds so farmers couldn’t reclaim lost land. §National Reclamation Act 1902 - Fed. Government decides where and how water could be distributed. §Build and managed dams. §Roosevelt and Hoover Dams on Colorado River. §Salt Valley Project in Arizona.

TAFT §Taft becomes president in 1908 §Progressive but had some different ideas from Roosevelt. §Payne-Aldrich Act 1909 - Lowered tariffs but not as low as Roosevelt had wanted. §Mann-Elkins Act 1910 - Gave gov. control of telegraph and telephone rates. §Dropped Roosevelt’s distinctions between good trusts and bad trusts.

TAFT §Busted twice as many trusts as Roosevelt including Standard Oil Company. §Fired Gifford Pinchot for criticizing Richard Ballinger (Sec. of Interior) §Ballinger opposed Roosevelt’s conservation policies, and sold federal land rich with coal deposits to Alaska. §Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

ROOSEVELT STRIKES BACK §New Nationalism-Program to restore government’s trustbusting power. §Declared himself as strong as a bull-moose. §Bull-Moose Party- Progressives who were for Roosevelt for a 3 rd term. Included Jane Addams. §Republicans- Supported Taft.

NEW NATIONALISM V. NEW FREEDOM New Nationalism (Bull Moose Party) §Continuation of his Square Deal which were reforms to help the common man. §Favored a more active govt role in economic and social affairs. §Good trusts vs. bad trusts §Direct election of senators §Tariff reduction §Presidential primaries §Regulation of monopolies §End child labor §Initiative and referendum §Women’s suffrage

NEW NATIONALISM V. NEW FREEDOM New Freedom (Democrats) §Favored an active role in economic and social affairs. §Favored small businesses and the free functioning and unregulated and unmonopolized markets. §Tackle the “triple wall of privilege”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. §Similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism.