Chapter 37 THE CIRCULATORY RESPIRATORY IMMUNE SYSTEMS Only

Chapter 37 THE CIRCULATORY, RESPIRATORY & IMMUNE SYSTEMS **Only responsible for knowing YELLOW and RED terms/concepts**

Chapter 37. 1 The Circulatory System

CIRCULATORY = TRANSPORTATION Circulatory system is composed of the heart, blood vessels and blood that flows within. Main function is to transport oxygen and nutrients and dispose of waste.

THE HEART The heart is an organ that pumps blood. It is mostly composed of layers of muscle, myocardium. 4 Chambers: Left/Right Atrium: receives blood Left/Right Ventricle: pumps blood out of heart Left = oxygenated (red) Right = deoxygenated (blue) Pulmonary Circulation: pumps blood between heart and lungs Systemic Circulation: pumps blood between heart and body Valves: close when ventricles contract; keep blood moving in one direction

THE HEARTBEAT Pacemaker: group of cells in the SA node that “set the pace” of the heart Impulse spreads from SA node to atria then to AV node and ventricles

BLOOD VESSELS (Fig. 37 -5) Three Types of Vessels: Arteries: thick vessels that carry blood Away from the heart; high pressure Capillaries: smallest vessels; where exchange occurs Veins: vessels that return blood to the heart; some contain valves to keep blood flow in one direction; skeletal muscles increase venous return

BLOOD PRESSURE Blood pressure: pressure of blood on vessel walls Sphygmomanometer: device used to measure blood pressure Normal measurement: 120/80 First measurement: systolic pressure Second measurement: diastolic pressure Medulla oblongata regulates blood pressure with neurotransmitters

CIRCULATORY DISEASES Atherosclerosis: plaques (fat deposits) form on vessel walls Narrowed arteries make the heart work harder to pump blood Clots can form and break off into vessels of the brain, causing a stroke.

37. 2 BLOOD & THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

BLOOD PLASMA Blood collects… Oxygen from lungs Nutrients from digestive system Waste from tissues Blood composition: 45% cells 55% plasma (fluid in blood, mostly water)

BLOOD CELLS Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Carry oxygen Hemoglobin: iron-containing protein that binds oxygen Biconcave shape No nuclei; life cycle ~120 days White Blood Cells (WBCs): Guard against infection, fight parasites and attack bacteria Phagocytes “eat” pathogens Lymphocytes: immune response (Tcell, B-cells)

PLATELETS AND CLOTTING Platelets: fragments of large cells found in bone marrow “sticky” platelets clump together and form a clot at damaged sites; a protein cascade forms tough fibers to seal the wound Can you think of a disease where clotting factors are mutated?

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (SKIP) Lymphatic system: network of vessels, nodes, and organs that collect fluid lost by the blood and return it back to the circulatory system. Lymph carries lymphocytes throughout the body. Thymus: gland where T-cells mature

Chapter 37. 3 The Respiratory System

HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiration: Food Energy (cellular) Gas exchange Function: gas exchange (O 2 and CO 2) between blood, the air, and tissues Organs: nose, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs

ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pharynx: passage of air and food Trachea: passage of air Larynx: vibration of vocal cords produce sound (voice box) Bronchi: branch into the lungs Epiglottis: tissue blocks trachea during swallowing (prevents choking) Cilia and mucus: warm, moisten, and filter air to keep lungs clean Bronchioles Alveoli: tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries; where gas exchange occurs (fig. 37 -14, p. 958) WATCH ME!!

GAS EXCHANGE Occurs between the alveoli and capillaries Oxygen: alveoli blood Carbon dioxide: blood alveoli

BREATHING (SKIP) Diaphragm: flat muscle underneath lungs (CNS control) Pressure controls breathing (high low) Inhale (breath in): diaphragm contracts, chest rises, low lung pressure Exhale (breath out): diaphragm relaxes, chest lowers, high lung pressure

TOBACCO & THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (SKIP) Nicotine: addictive chemical, increases heart rate and blood pressure Carbon monoxide: prevents oxygen binding to hemoglobin Tar: cancerous compounds