Chapter 36 Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Systems THE HUMAN

Chapter 36 – Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular Systems THE HUMAN BODY

A. Introduction Humans are the most complex organisms on Earth. Our bodies are composed of trillions of Cells _____, the smallest unit of life. These cells Tissues work together to form _______.

There are 4 types of tissues in the human body: body surfaces lines 1. Epithelial Tissue – Covers _______; Organs & vessels May contain ________________. glands for secretions or cells with _____. cilia � Examples includes glands, blood vessels, skin. abundant 2. Connective Tissue – Is the most ________ connectors tissue in the body. Used as ________ and for ______________. support, transport, storage Contains a network of non-living material called a matrix _______. � Examples include bone, blood.

There are 4 types of tissues in the human body: 3. Muscle Tissue – Able to generate electrical _____signals force and _______. movement that create _______ 4. Nerve Tissue – Specialized to generate and ________ electrical signals to transmit __________. transfer information These tissues work together as ____, organs which organ systems work together as ________.

II. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The integumentary system is composed of the skin ______ hair _______, nails and its accessory structures, including _____, glands found in the skin. The skin is the and the ____ largest organ of the human body. ____

A. Function 1. Protection – Provides a barrier against pathogens, ____________ UV light, dehydration ______________. 2. Sensory Information 3. Regulation of Body Temperature D 4. Vitamin Production sunlight – The skin produces Vitamin ___ when exposed to _____ which is strong bones important for _________.

B. Structure – The skin is composed of 3 layers: 1. Epidermis – Outermost layer of skin composed of _____ epithelial tissue. There are two parts to the epidermis: a. Basal Layer – Contains cells that are actively going mitosis through ____. As new cells are produced, older cells are pushed ____________. These cells toward surface produce keratin, a _________. There are waterproof protein also cells in the basal layer called melanocytes which melanin , adark brown pigment that produce ___________ light protects the skin from UV _____.

b. Outer Layer – As the epidermal cells get pushed die away from blood vessels, they _______, so the outermost epidermal layer consists of ______ dead cells filled with ____ keratin that are eventually sloughed off ________.

2. Dermis – Inner, thicker layer of skin composed of connective tissue. Contains a ___________ of ____ matrix collagen elastin for elasticity. Structures found for strength and ____ in the dermis include: O 2 and _____ glucose to cells; a. Blood vessels – Provide ____ CO 2 Also help to maintain a constant body remove _____. temperature. Heat can be conserved when blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict _____, or heat can be released when blood vessels _______. dilate b. Hair follicles - _____occurs in follicle to produce Mitosis hair. Hair consists of dead _____ cells filled with keratin _____. smooth muscles are attached to each follicle that Small, __________ contract to pull hairs upright when stimulated by cold, fear _____

c. Nail follicles – Produced in same manner as hair. protect fingertips and Purpose of nails is to ____ toetips. d. Sensory receptors - Transmit information to the brain and ______. spinal cord ______ e. Glands – There are two types of glands located in the dermis: lubricate skin 1) Oil – Produce oil to _______ 2) Sweat - ______ Evaporation of the perspiration produced by these glands requires energy in the form of _____, heat which is drawn from the skin and results in cooling.

Connective tissue specialized to 3. Hypodermis - ______ fat store ___.

C. Skin Damage & Disorders 1. Burns – Classified according to depth of damage a. First degree – Damage only to _____. epidermis Skin red but without _____. blisters appears ____, May be caused brief contact with hot object by sun, _____________

epidermis to b. Second degree – Damage through _____ dermis red ____. Most painful of all burns. Skin is _______ blisters with _____. May be caused by longer exposure to sun, hot object.

epidermis damage c. Third degree – Destroys _____; dermis, maybe deeper Skin usually extends into __________. appears blackened, charred ________. May be caused by _ fire, electricity, chemicals –NOT sun!__Lifethreatening. _

2. Skin Cancer – Most important risk factor is sun exposure The most serious type of skin cancer is ______. melanoma

1. Functions of the Skeletal System a. Support – Provides a framework that supports the body b. Protection – Protects manyorgans _______ from mechanical injury c. Movement – Movement occurs when skeletal muscles attached to bones _____ contract.

d. Blood Cell Formation e. Storage calcium & a. Minerals – Storage site for ____ phosphorus _______. b. Fat ADD TO NOTES

II. A. Human Skeleton �The human skeleton has two divisions 1. Axial – Forms the mainaxis ____ and includes the cranium, ____________ mandible, vertebrae costas, sternum, sacrum, coccyx _______________ 2. Appendicular – Contains the bones arms legs and that form the _______ & ____ includes the bones that connect them to the axial skeleton including the clavicle, scapula, pelvis ________

B. Human Skeleton Anatomy Joints-Point where two bones meet ligaments Bones are held together by _____. Joints are classified according to the amount of movement possible and the appearance of the bones involved. 1. fixed Joints - _____ No Immovable or ______ movement. Ex: ________ bones of cranium

3. Movable Joints - Most joints are moveable. The ends of the bones that form moveable joints are covered with a thin layer the ends of bones ofcartilage ______ tocushion _____________. The space between the two bones is filled with a fluid to moisten and lubricate the joint called synovial _____ fluid. Some examples of movable joints are: Greatest range of movement - _____________. hip, shoulder Examples: ___________ Back & forth movement b. Hinge - _____________. knee Examples: _______ Bones twist against each other c. Pivot - ______________. a. Ball & Socket vertebrae of neck Examples: ___________ d. Saddle-one bone slides in two directions EX: wrist bones ADD TO NOTES

II. Bone Structure A. Embryonic Development Embryo skeleton is composed entirely of cartilage. The process of converting cartilage to bone requires the addition of calcium, Ca 2++. This process, ossification, is not completed until after birth. The adult skeleton is completely composed of bone, except for nose and ears and discs between vertebrae

B. Bone Structure organ composed of living tissue. It is B. Bone is an ______ surrounded by a tough layer of ______ tissue connective periosteum called the ______.

1. Compact Bone – Outer bone. Dense, support almost solid tissue that provides ____. 2. Spongy Bone – Less dense, porous support The tissue provides lightweight _________. spaces are filled with soft tissue called ____. marrow There are two types of bones marrow: a. Red Marrow - Location of blood red cell production including all ____ platelets and most blood cells, _____, white ______ blood cells. fat b. Yellow Marrow – Site of _____ storage.

Bone Cells Osteocytes-Bone cells Two kinds of bone cells: osteoclasts-break down bone & osteoblasts-produce bone.

IV. Skeletal System Damage 1. Osteoporosis – Associated older______. women with Characterized by loss of ______ which bone mass results in increased risk of fracture Lateral curvature of 2. Scoliosis - ____ the spine 3. Arthritis - Inflammation of the joints Caused by wear and tear _______. on _____ cartilage cushioning the joints.

IV. MUSCULAR SYSTEM The primary function of the muscular system is to movement The produce _____. contraction of muscle tissue ATP so muscles requires _____, are constantly carrying out cellular respiration and _________ have a large number of mitochondria _______.

A. Muscles Individual muscle cells are called fibers All humans have muscle ______. same number of fibers. the ______ Muscle bulk occurs because of thickening of muscle fibers, not ______ an increase in the number of muscle cells. ADD TO NOTES The number of fibers that can contract at one time determine an strength The individual’s _____. length of the contraction time is endurance known as ______.

B. Muscle Types Voluntary striated 1. Skeletal Muscle - _____, _______ muscle cells that fuse together to form a multinucleated muscle fiber. Muscle ________ fibers are arranged end-to-end to produce strong contractions. If the oxygen supply to muscle cells is depleted, they can switch to lactic acid fermentation for energy ___________ production

2. Cardiac Muscle - Involuntary ______, striated muscle cells found only in _____ the ______, heart with each cell having its own nucleus. Cardiac muscle cells are arranged in chains that lattice together. When the muscle contracts, the entire lattice of cells contracts together producing a powerful contraction.

Involuntary 3. Smooth Muscle - _____, smooth muscle cells. Smooth ____ muscle contractions are slow and prolonged. Found in the digestive system, urinary ______________ bladder, blood vessels ___________

C. Skeletal Muscle Function 1. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons tough bands of tissue called ______. Every muscle has at least 2 tendons, each attached to a different bone: a. origin – muscle attachment site(s) that does not move _______ b. insertion – bone that is moved by contraction _________. biceps brachii has For example, the _______ tendons attaching it to the ____ scapula and ____ radius the____ scapula and the The origin is the ____ radius insertion is the _______.

2. Skeletal muscles attached to the bones appendicular skeleton work in of the _______ opposing pairs. a. flexor – muscle that causes limb to bend at _____. joint ______ b. extensor – muscle that causes limb to straighten _____ at ______. joint For example, contraction of the biceps bends the arm so it acts as the brachii ______ flexor; while contraction of the triceps straightens the arm so it is the brachii ______ extensor.

D. Muscle Contraction Each muscle fiber contains thousands of contracting units called ______ sarcomeres Sarcomeres are made up of 2 types of protein filaments Thin 1. Actin - _______filaments that form the border of each sarcomere. middle of the 2. Myosin - _______ Thick filaments found in the _____ sarcomere.

Actin & myosin overlap to produce the ______ striated pattern seen in ______ and ______ muscle. skeletal cardiac When a muscle contracts, the actin & myosin filaments slide over each other and the sarcomere ______. Every sarcomere within a single contracts muscle fiber contracts as a unit, thereby shortening the entire _____. The number of fibers that can fiber contract at one time determine an individual’s strengths _______. The length of the contraction time is known as _______. endurence

D. Muscle Contraction When a muscle contracts, the actin and myosin filaments slide over each other, shortening shorten the sarcomere. This happens in every sarcomere within a muscle fiber at one time so the entire fiber is shortened and the muscle contracts. The impulses from motor neurons control the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The impulse begins with the release of the neurotransmitter actylcholine. A muscle cell remains contracted until an enzyme produced at the axon terminal destroys and remaining actylcoline.