CHAPTER 35 BIOTECHNOLOGY CAREERS Agarose Artificial insemination Biologic

CHAPTER 35 BIOTECHNOLOGY CAREERS Agarose Artificial insemination Biologic Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Electrophoresis Enzyme Eugenics Fermentation Forensics Monoclonal antibody Selective breeding Journal question: What personal qualities would make a student a good candidate for a career in biotechnology health? . Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 1

Chapter 35 Learning Objectives Define at least 10 terms relating to biotechnology. Identify the function of the biotechnologic health care team. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 2

Chapter 35 Learning Objectives Describe the role of at least five of the biotechnologic health care team members, including personal qualities, levels of education, and credentialing requirements. Describe the structure, function, and method of replication of DNA. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 3

Chapter 35 Learning Objectives Describe three research techniques used by biotechnologists. Describe at least three ethical concerns that have been raised since the beginning of DNA research. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 4

Careers in Biotechnology applies scientific and engineering techniques to the manipulation of genes of living organisms. Biotechnology includes a broad range of improvements that may be applied to plants or animals and their products. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 5

Biotechnology Timeline Highlights Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. ,

Biotechnology Careers Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an

Biotechnology Careers: Educational Costs and Earnings Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by

Biotechnologist Applies scientific and engineering techniques to the manipulation of the genes of living organisms Biotechnologists work in Research Ø Forensics Ø Immunology Ø Teaching Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9

Biotechnologist Education Minimum of a master’s degree but usually holds a doctoral degree in biotechnology or related field Ø Biotechnologists are not licensed. Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 10

Biotechnologist Fields of Practice Medical biotechnologist Works with the production of antibodies for diagnosis or treatment of disease Ø Works to produce methods and products to treat diabetes, blood diseases, and heart disease Ø Research biotechnologist Ø Supervises the work of associates and assistants in industry and health care to find better products and solutions to disorders Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 11

Microscopic Cells FIGURE 35 1 Microscopic Cells. A, Plant hairs. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003,

Microscopic Cells FIGURE 35 1 Microscopic Cells. B, Plant. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997,

Microscopic Cells FIGURE 35 1 Microscopic Cells. C, Blood. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997,

Microscopic Cells FIGURE 35 1 Microscopic Cells. D, Yeast. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997,

Forensic Biotechnologist Uses biologic samples, such as hair, skin, and blood, from a crime scene to identify suspects Education Ø Associate or bachelor’s degree Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 16

DNA Fingerprinting Possible because each person has segments of DNA that carry a specific message unique to that person DNA segments can be separated by electrophoresis. Process uses natural electrical charge of molecules. Ø Biotechnologists can take photographic images of DNA fragments. Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 17

Electrophoresis FIGURE 35 2 Electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments. Copyright © 2012, 2007,

Biotechnician Performs complex procedures of DNA extraction and cloning Using computer technology, analyzes data gathered Performs routine work of gene manipulation Education Bachelor’s degree in biotechnology or related field Ø Research associates need a master’s degree in biotechnology or related field. Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 19

Assistants in Biotechnology Performs routine work of gene manipulation Ø Combining bacteria with nutrients or enzymes Ø Photographing projects Ø Performing simple tests Performs laboratory duties, such as cleaning and sterilizing of glasswork Education Ø Bachelor’s degree in biotechnology or related field Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 20

Geneticist Studies patterns of inheritance and develops methods to influence genetic information Ø May work as counselors for individuals with a family history of genetic abnormalities Areas of specialization include human, medical, molecular, cell, and population genetics. Education Ø Usually required to have a doctoral degree Ø Licensure or certification is not required. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 21

Biomedical Engineer Biomedical engineer or bioengineer designs, develops, and helps maintain instruments and machines that are used to monitor and treat disease. Areas of study Engineering Ø Biophysics Ø Bioinstrumentation Ø Biothermodynamics Ø Biotransport Ø Biomechanics Ø Biomedical computers Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 22

Biomedical Engineer Education Ø Most biomedical engineers have a 4 year university degree. Biomedical engineers who work in health care must be registered. Ø Licensing is preferred. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 23

Biotechnologic Developments Lasers Pacemakers Artificial hearts and kidneys Biosensors Ø Biologic structures that recognize other structures • Converts information to voltage charge, sound, or light emission Robotic surgical instruments Ø Can visualize the surgery site from a distance Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 24

Support Personnel Biomedical equipment technician Inspects and adjusts the equipment used in health care Ø Education • Usually an associate degree • An apprenticeship may be required • Voluntary certification Ø Bioprocess engineer Ø Designs and operates the equipment used to ferment organisms used in biotechnology Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 25

Cell Genetics Genetic information of humans is found in 23 pairs of chromosomes in

Karyotype FIGURE 35 4 The karyotype may be used to show genetic abnormalities. (Courtesy Ward’s Natural Science Esta blishment, Rochester, N. Y. ) Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 27

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) DNA is a molecule By sequencing its components, the characteristics of living things can be determined. Ø Two strands of DNA (chains of nucleotides) form a double helix. Ø Each human chromosome is made up of 50 to 250 million base pairs. Ø Replication is the process by which DNA makes copies of itself. Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 28

DNA FIGURE 35 5 DNA holds the individual genetic code for each person. Each strand of DNA is made up of a series of nucleotides. The sequence of nucleotides determines which protein is synthesized. (Courtesy Joan M. Beck. ) Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 29

Chromosome A chromosome is a long chain of DNA. Ø On the chromosome, sections of DNA carry genes (messages). • Gene found on DNA chain conveys its message by making protein. • DNA unfolds and breaks into strands. • Messenger RNA (m. RNA) translates the DNA to form a message. New m. RNA strand leaves the nucleus and joins with more nucleotide segments (transfer RNA [t. RNA]). The t. RNA carries amino acids that combine to form a protein. The protein directs a body function or makes up structural characteristics. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 30

Mitochondrial DNA (mt. DNA) Mitochondria contain a small amount of DNA. Mother of the organism contributes all mt. DNA to offspring through the mitochondria in each ovum. Ø The mt. DNA contains 37 genes that encode proteins involved in cellular respiration. Ø Mutation of mt. DNA can cause several disorders. Ø • Kearns Sayre syndrome • Exercise intolerance Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 31

Pedigree Diagram FIGURE 35 6 In a pedigree diagram, the females are shown as circles and the males as squares. The individuals who are shaded have the same mitochondrial DNA. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 32

Mapped Genes Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an

DNA Tests Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an

Human Genome Project (HGP) Project began in 1990 with goals of identifying and sequencing of all human chromosomes (gene mapping). HGP was completed in 13 years with identification of approximately 3 billion chemical pairs that make up human DNA. Ø Eighty genetic diseases can be identified using DNA testing. Ø DNA can be used for newborn screening, prenatal screening, carrier identification, and forensic identification Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 35

Pharmacogenomics Pharmaceutical products are developed with biotechnology techniques. Examples include genetically modified food products. Edible vaccines Ø Therapeutic protein Ø Antibodies produced by plants Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 36

Bioinformatics Combines the disciplines of biology, computer science, and information technology to study data, resulting in a large database of biologic information. Gene mapping Ø DNA analysis Ø Protein analysis Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 37

Techniques of Biotechnology Gene cloning DNA is isolated from an organism that contains the desired gene. Ø It is purified and fragmented, and the segments are inserted into plasmids, forming recombinants that are placed into bacterial host cells. Ø Bacteria containing the plasmids grow on an agar medium, producing a colony of cells containing the cloned gene. Ø Cloning organisms The botanical process involves removing a small number of meristem cells and, by manipulation, creating a complete new plant. Ø Plants, cattle, tadpoles, and sea urchins have been cloned. Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 38

Techniques of Biotechnology Gene splicing (transgenics) Ø Moving genes from one location to another in the same or different organism • An enzyme is used to cut a section of DNA open, allowing another to take its place in the plasmid. • Plasmids can be used to introduce new genetic information. • Process includes technique of transformation to produce recombinant DNA. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 39

Techniques of Biotechnology Gene therapy Ø Uses genes to treat disease such as heart disease, cystic fibrosis, infectious disease, and cancer Gene manipulation Production of human growth hormone by E. coli Ø Using recombinant DNA, E. coli have been constructed to produce human growth hormone Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 40

Performance Instruction Determining a genetic fingerprint by removing the DNA from the nucleus of the cell • A detergent is used to break the cell membranes open. • An enzyme is used to cut the DNA strands into segments. • DNA is removed by using a centrifuge to separate the heavier cell part away from it. • DNA is placed in a solution for electrophoresis. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 41

Summary The function of the biotechnology team is to apply scientific and engineering techniques to the manipulation of genes. The role of the biotechnologist is to use gene manipulation to improve animal and plant products. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 43

Summary The structure of DNA is a double helix. It provides the genetic blueprint for making proteins. It replicates by splitting in half, making two strands, and then duplicating each strand. Three research techniques used by biotechnologists are gene cloning, gene splicing, and gene therapy. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 44

Review Biotechnology refers to: a. The study of the manipulation of the genes of living organisms b. The study of methods for controlling human characteristics c. The study of artificial insemination d. Pertaining to new origins Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 45

Review Biotechnology refers to: a. The study of the manipulation of the genes of living organisms b. The study of methods for controlling human characteristics c. The study of artificial insemination d. Pertaining to new origins Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 46

Review Assistants in biotechnology usually have a: a. Bachelor’s degree b. Master’s degree c. 2 Year associate’s degree d. Doctorate e. 2 Year associate’s degree and on the job training Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 47

Review Assistants in biotechnology usually have a: a. Bachelor’s degree b. Master’s degree c. 2 Year associate’s degree d. Doctorate e. 2 Year associate’s degree and on the job training Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 48