Chapter 32 The Building of Global Empires Copyright
Chapter 32 The Building of Global Empires Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 1
Imperialism in Asia, ca. 1914 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 2
The Idea of Imperialism n n n Term dates from nineteenth century In popular discourse by 1880 s Military imperialism q q Later, economic and cultural varieties U. S. imperialism Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 3
Motivations for Imperialism n n n Military Political Economic q n n European capitalism Religious Demographic q q Criminal populations Dissident populations Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 4
Manifest Destiny n n n Discovery of natural resources Exploitation of cheap labor Expansion of markets q Limited Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 5
Geopolitical Considerations n Strategic footholds q q q n Waterways Supply stations Imperial rivalries Desire for power and prestige Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 6
The “White Man’s Burden” n Rudyard Kipling (1864– 1936) q n Duty to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands French: mission civilisatrice Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 7
Domestic Political Considerations n n n Crises of industrialism Pressure from nascent socialism Imperial policies distract proletariat from domestic politics q Cecil Rhodes: imperialism alternative to civil war Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 8
Technology and Imperialism n Medicine q n Transportation q q n Quinine Steamships Railroads Infrastructure q q Suez Canal (1859– 1869) Panama Canal (1904– 1914) Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 9
Weaponry n n Muzzle-loading muskets Mid-century: breech-loading rifles q n Reduced reloading time 1880 s: Maxim gun, 11 rounds per second Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 10
The Military Advantage n Battle of Omdurman (near Khartoum on Nile), 1898 q n n Five hours of fighting British: six gunboats, twenty machine guns British force lost a few hundred men; close to 20, 000 Sudanese killed Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 11
Communications n Correspondence q q n 1830 s, Britain–India: as long as 2 years After Suez Canal, 2 weeks Telegraph q q 1870 s, development of submarine cables Britain–India: 5 hours Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 12
British Empire in India n n East India Company Monopoly on India trade Original permission from Mughal emperors Decline of Mughal empire after death of Aurangzeb, 1707 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 13
British Conquest n n n Protection of economic interests through political conquest “Doctrine of lapse” British and Indian troops (sepoys) Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 14
Indian Rebellion, 1857 n Newly issued rifles had cartridges in wax paper greased with animal fat q q n n Problem for Hindus: beef Problem for Muslims: pork Small-scale sepoy rebellion ignited general anti-British revolution British gained upper hand in late 1857 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 15
British Imperial Rule n In response to the rebellion, Britain: q q Abolished Mughal empire Exiled emperor to Burma Abolished East India Company Established direct rule of India by British government n Organization of agriculture q n Crops: tea, coffee, opium Stamp of British culture on Indian environment Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 16
Imperialism in Central Asia n British, French, Russians in competition for central Asia q q n France dropped out after Napoleon Russia active after 1860 s in Tashkent, Bokhara, Samarkand; and approached India The “Great Game”: Russian vs. British intrigue in Afghanistan q q Preparation for imperialist war Russian revolution of 1917 forestalled war Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 17
Imperialism in Southeast Asia n n n Spanish: Philippines Dutch: Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) British established presence from 1820 s q q Conflict with kings of Burma (Myanmar) 1820 s; established colonial authority by 1880 s Thomas Stamford Raffles founded port of Singapore for trade in Strait of Melaka n n Base of British colonization in Malaysia, 1870 s– 1880 s French: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, 1859– 1893 q Encouraged conversion to Christianity Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 18
Imperialism in Africa, ca. 1914 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 19
The Scramble for Africa (1875– 1900) n n French, Portuguese, Belgians, and English competed for “the dark continent” Britain established strong presence in Egypt, Rhodesia q q Suez Canal Rhodesian gold, diamonds Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 20
European Explorers in Africa n n Implications for justification of imperialist rule Exploration of rivers (Nile, Niger, Congo, Zambesi) Information on interior of Africa Congo Free State established by King Leopold II of Belgium q Took control of colony in 1908, renamed it Belgian Congo Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 21
South Africa n Cape Town established by Dutch East India, 1652 q q n Farmers (Boers, later known as Afrikaners) followed to settle territory Competition and conflict with indigenous peoples In British 1806 takeover, slavery a major issue q q q Afrikaners migrated eastward in the Great Trek, overpowered resistance with superior firepower Established independent republics Tolerated by British until gold discovered Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 22
South African War (1899– 1902) n n n Also known as the Boer War White–white conflict, black soldiers and laborers Afrikaners conceded in 1902 q 1910, integrated into Union of South Africa Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 23
The Berlin West Africa Conference (1884– 1885) n Fourteen European states, United States q q n No African states present Rules of colonization: any European state can take “unoccupied” territory after informing other European powers European firepower dominated Africa q Exceptions: Ethiopia fought off Italy (1896); Liberia a U. S. dependency Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 24
Systems of Colonial Rule n Concessionary companies q q q Private companies obtained large tracts of land to exploit natural resources Freedom to tax, recruit labor: horrible abuses Profit margin minimal Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 25
Systems of Colonial Rule (continued) n Direct rule: France q q q n “Civilizing mission” Chronic shortage of European personnel; language and cultural barriers French west Africa: 3, 600 Europeans ruled 9 million Indirect rule: Britain q q q Frederick D. Lugard (Britain, 1858– 1945), The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922) Use of indigenous institutions Difficulty in establishing tribal categories; imposed arbitrary boundaries Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 26
Imperialism in Oceania, ca. 1914 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 27
European Imperialism in the Pacific n English used Australia as penal colony from 1788 q q n Voluntary migrants followed Gold discovered, 1851 Smallpox, measles devastated natives Territory called terra nullius: “land belonging to no one” New Zealand: natives forced to sign Treaty of Waitangi (1840), placing New Zealand under British “protection” Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 28
European and Native Population in Australia and New Zealand Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 29
Imperialists in Paradise n Pacific islands: commercial outposts q q q n Whalers seeking port Merchants seeking sandalwood, sea slugs for sale in China Missionaries seeking souls British, French, German, American powers carved islands up q Tonga remained independent, but relied on Britain Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 30
U. S. Imperialism n The Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe warned Europeans not to engage in imperialism in western hemisphere (1823) q n n All Americas a U. S. protectorate 1867: purchased Alaska from Russia 1875: established protectorate over Hawai`i q Locals overthrew queen in 1893, persuaded U. S. to acquire islands in 1898 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 31
The Spanish-Cuban-American War (1898– 1899) n U. S. declared war on Spain after battleship Maine sunk in Havana harbor, 1898 q q n Took possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines U. S. intervened in other Caribbean, Central American lands; occupied Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Honduras, Haiti Filipinos revolted against Spanish rule, later against U. S. rule Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 32
The Panama Canal n n President Theodore Roosevelt (in office 1901– 1909) put support behind insurrection against Colombia (1903) Rebels won, established state of Panama U. S. gained territory to build canal, Panama Canal Zone Roosevelt Corollary of Monroe Doctrine q U. S. right to intervene in domestic affairs of other nations if U. S. investments threatened Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 33
Early Japanese Expansion n n Resentment over unequal treaties of 1860 s 1870 s, colonized northern region: Hokkaido, Kurile Islands, southern Okinawa, and Ryukyu Islands 1876, Japanese purchase of warships from Britain, moved to dominate Korea Sino-Japanese War (1894– 1895) over Korea a Japanese victory Russo-Japanese War (1904– 1905) also ended in Japanese victory Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 34
Economic Legacies of Imperialism n n Colonized states encouraged to exploit natural resources rather than build manufacturing centers Encouraged dependency on imperial power for manufactured goods made from native raw product q n Indian cotton Introduction of new crops q Tea in Ceylon Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 35
Imperialism and Migration during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 36
Labor Migrations n Europeans moved to more temperate lands q q n Worked as free cultivators, industrial laborers 32 million to the U. S. , 1800– 1914 Africans, Asians, and Pacific islanders moved to tropical/subtropical lands q q Indentured laborers, manual laborers 2. 5 million between 1820 and 1914 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 37
Colonial Conflict n Thousands of insurrections against colonial rule q q n In German East Africa, Maji rebellion against Germans (1905– 1906) Rebels sprinkled selves with magic water (maji-maji) as protection against modern weapons; 75, 000 killed “Scientific” racism developed q q Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (1816– 1882) Combined with theories of Charles Darwin (1809– 1882) to form pernicious doctrine of “social Darwinism” Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 38
Nationalism and Anticolonial Movements n Ram Mohan Roy (1772– 1883), Bengali called “father of modern India” q q n Reformers called for self-government, adoption of selected British practices (e. g. ban on sati) Influence of Enlightenment thought, often obtained in European universities Indian National Congress formed, 1885 q 1916, joined with All-India Muslim League Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 39
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