Chapter 32 Health Maintenance Health Promotion and Wellness

Chapter 32 Health Maintenance, Health Promotion, and Wellness Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Health, Illness, and Wellness § Health is the process through which a person seeks to maintain an equilibrium that promotes stability and comfort. § Health is a dynamic process that varies according to a person’s perception of well -being. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 2

Health, Illness, and Wellness § Health refers to all aspects of a person’s life. • • • Physical status Emotional well-being Social relationships Intellectual functioning Spiritual condition Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 3

Health, Illness, and Wellness § Illness is the inability of an individual’s adaptive responses to maintain physical and emotional balance, which results in an impairment of functional abilities. § Wellness is the condition in which an individual functions at optimal levels. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 4

Models of Health § Health is the maintenance of harmony and balance among body, mind, and spirit. • Balance or homeostasis is an equilibrium among psychological, physiological, sociocultural, intellectual, and spiritual needs. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 5

Models of Health § § § Clinical model Health-belief model High-level wellness model Social learning theory Host-agent-environment model Health promotion model Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 6

Cultural Influence on Health § Culture affects how an individual views health and illness. § One’s cultural background influences health-related behaviors and expectations of treatment when illness occurs. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 7

Family Influences on Health Care § Families help determine the following: • • Whether or not to seek treatment. What type of treatment is appropriate. Who should provide the treatment or care. Where the treatment or care should be provided. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 8

Family Influences on Health Care § Families are often the major caregivers for their relatives. § Extended families and communities have traditionally acted as a buffer against excessive stress and illness. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 9

Family Influences on Health Care § Lack of social support from family or significant others results in psychological and spiritual isolation, which may negatively impact a person’s physiological state. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 10

Illness Perspectives § Illness is the result of a disease or injury that affects functioning and occurs when there is an inability to meet one’s needs. § An acute illness is usually characterized by a rapid onset, intense manifestations, and a relatively short duration. § A chronic illness is usually characterized by a gradual, insidious onset with lifelong changes, usually irreversible. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 11

Wellness Perspectives § Wellness places health on a continuum, from one’s optimal level (wellness), to a maladaptive state (illness). § High-level wellness means functioning to one’s maximum health potential while remaining in balance with the environment. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 12

Health Behaviors and Variables Influencing Health § Behavior is defined as the observable response of an individual to external stimuli. § All behavior has meaning. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 13

Health Behaviors and Variables Influencing Health § Variables Influencing Health • • • Lifestyle Locus of Control Self-Efficacy Health Care Attitudes Self-Concept Cognition Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 14

Health Behaviors and Variables Influencing Health § Variables Influencing Health • Age and Developmental Levels • Gender • Previous Experiences with the Health Care System • Environment • Economic Resources Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 15

Health Maintenance § Behavior directed toward maintaining a current level of health § Health maintenance activities are the activities/behaviors an individual performs to maintain or improve a current level of health. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 16

Health Maintenance § Characteristics of Health Maintenance • Perception • Motivation • Maintenance Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 17

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Health Protection) § Health Promotion • Behavior motivated by the desire to shape a health lifestyle. • Process of enabling people to increase control over their health and to improve their health. • Includes avoidance of unhealthy behaviors. • Health promotion efforts intervene with healthy, rather than ill populations. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 18

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Health Protection) § Disease Prevention • Activities/behaviors that protect people from the ill effects of actual or potential health threats - Primary prevention - Secondary prevention - Tertiary prevention Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 19

Health Promotion on a Global Level § World Health Organization • Organizes international conferences and meetings and disseminates successful health promotion strategies, programs, and policies. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 20

Health Promotion on a Global Level § Fifth Global Conference on Health Promotion • Established Priorities for Health Promotion in the 21 st Century § “Healthy Cities” Movement • A vehicle to stimulate local-level health promotion • Public, private, and nonprofit responsibility Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 21

Health Promotion in the United States § Healthy People Initiative • Promote healthy behaviors. • Promote healthy and safe communities. • Improve systems for personal and public health. • Prevent and reduce diseases and disorders. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 22

Assessment § Risk Factor Identification in Health Maintenance • Physical, environmental, psychological behaviors that increase the vulnerability of an individual to disease or injury Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 23

Assessment § Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests and Health Maintenance • Laboratory data includes cholesterol levels, blood glucose, urine studies. • Health maintenance behaviors may be measured with varieties of diagnostic tests and equipment. • Client education about what to do with results obtained from these tests is given. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 24

Nursing Diagnosis § § § Ineffective Health Maintenance Health-Seeking Behavior Noncompliance Deficient Knowledge Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 25

Planning and Outcome Identification § In many ineffective health maintenance situations, desired outcomes of care best accomplished in small increments. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 26

Implementation § Health Promotion and Vulnerable Populations • • Children The Elderly Economically Disadvantaged Homeless Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 27

Implementation § The Individual as a Holistic Being • The client with health maintenance considerations is a holistic being. • Individuals function as complete units that cannot be reduced to the sum of their parts. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 28

Implementation § Needs and Health • The entire person (mind, body, and spirit) is influenced by satisfaction of needs. • Basic human needs are those that are necessary for every person’s survival. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 29

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 30

Needs and Health § Physiological Dimension • Focuses on achievement of the basic needs of a client. • The nurse must assess for system alterations and then provide interventions to meet these needs. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 31

Physiological Dimension of Needs and Health § Physical Self-Examination Techniques § Health Maintenance in Nutrition. Management Behaviors § Health Maintenance and Alterations in Sleep Patterns Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 32

Psychological Dimension of Needs and Health § Treating the client as a unique individual. § Protecting confidentiality. § Using touch and personal space in a therapeutic manner. § Recognizing and respecting cultural differences. § Decreasing anxiety through stress management techniques. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 33

Sociocultural Dimension of Needs and Health § Empowerment is a process of enabling others to do for themselves. § Nurses empower clients by teaching them and their families how to develop skills for self-care and for healthier living. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 34

Intellectual Dimension of Needs and Health § Cognitive function and development can be impaired by multiple factors. • • • Infection Exposure to toxins Substance abuse Trauma Psychological problems Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 35

Spiritual Dimension of Needs and Health § Spirituality assists a person in determining the sense of meaning or purpose in one’s life. § Spirituality is multidimensional. • A sense of one’s self • A sense of connection with others • A relationship with a higher power or divine source Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 36

Sexual Dimension of Needs and Health § Sexuality refers to all aspects of being male or female, including feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. § Sex roles are culturally determined patterns associated with being male and female. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 37

Evaluation § The client and nurse together measure how well the client has achieved the goals specified in the plan of care. § Factors that contribute to a goal achievement are identified. § Certain goals may need to be reevaluated. Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 38