Chapter 3 Values Attitudes and Job Satisfaction ORGANIZATIONAL
Chapter 3 Values, Attitudes, and Job Satisfaction ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S E L E VTWELFTH E N T HEDITION E D I T I O N © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. WWW. PRENHALL. COM/ROBBINS Power. Point Presentation by Charlie Cook
VALUES Ø Values are those things that really matter to each of us. . . the ideas and beliefs we hold as special. Caring for others, for example, is a value; so is the freedom to express our opinions. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 1
Ø Values are deeply held beliefs about what is good, right, and appropriate. Ø Values are deep-seated and remain constant over time. Ø We accumulate our values from childhood based on teachings and observations of our parents, teachers, religious leaders, and other influential and powerful people. Ø Example: Jennifer felt stressed out and didn't know what to do when her boss implied she should lie to a client; honesty is one of Jennifer's most deeply held values. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 2
VALUE SYSTEM A HIERARCHY BASED ON A RANKING OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S VALUE IN TERMS OF THEIR INTENSITY 3
VALUE SYSTEM Given below is a list of values, you are required to rank them on a scale of 1 -5 where 1 is the most important and 5 is the lowest important value as appear to you. Punctuality Self respect Honesty Cleanliness Love Assertiveness Freedom Happiness Equality ___________ 4
DO VALUES CHANGE? ? ? • “NO”…They are relatively permanent • They are formed in our earlier years of life VALUES INFLUENCE OUR ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS DIFFERENCE IN VALUE SYSTEM DETERMINES DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR 5
3 Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Work Values Intrinsic Values Ø Interesting work Ø Challenging work Ø Learning new things Ø Making important contributions Ø Responsibility and autonomy Ø Being creative Extrinsic Values Ø High pay Ø Job security Ø Job benefits Ø Status in wider community Ø Social contacts Ø Time with family Ø Time for hobbies
Types of values Ø Milton Rokeach Value Survey – Terminal values: desirable states of existence; the goals which a person would like to achieve in his life. for e. g. . Family security – Instrumental values: preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values. – For e. g. . Ambitious, hardworking. 7
Rokeach Value Survey Ø Terminal – A comfortable life – An exciting life – A sense of accomplishment – A world at peace – A world of beauty – Equality – Family security – Freedom – Happiness – Inner harmony – Love Ø Instrumental – – – Ambitious Broad minded Capable Cheerful Clean Courageous Forgiving Helpful Honest Imaginative Independent 8
Hofstede’s framework for assessing cultures – Hofstede surveyed more than 1116000 IBM employees in 40 countries about their work related values. – He found that managers and employees vary on five value dimensions of national culture. 9
HOFSTEDE’S FRAMEWORK Ø Ø 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. He surveyed in 40 countries (IBM employees) Values across cultures (globalization) Power distance – power is unequally distributed in institutions Individualism vs. Collectivism – individual act rather than group Achievement vs nurturing– assertiveness, materialistic or relationships, concern for others. Uncertainty avoidance – structured or unstructured situations. Long vs short term orientation – look to future or past/present. 10
HOFSTEDE’S FRAMEWORK Ø Ø Ø China & West Africa scored high on PD US scored low on PD Asian countries high on collectivism. Germany and Hong Kong high on achievement. France and Russia high on UA China had long-term whereas US had short-term orientations. 11
ATTITUDES Ø Attitudes are usually defined as a nature or tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain thing (idea, object, person, situation). They encompass, or are closely related to, our opinions and beliefs and are based upon our experiences © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 12
Attitudes Evaluative statements or opinions concerning objects, people, or events. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. Cognitive component The opinion or belief segment of an attitude. Affective Component The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude. Behavioral Component An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. 3– 13
The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. This is the feeling of uncomfortable tension which comes from holding two conflicting thoughts in the mind at the same time. Desire to reduce dissonance • Importance of elements creating dissonance • Degree of individual influence over elements • Rewards involved in dissonance © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 14
Examples of Cognitive Dissonance Ø Smoking is often postulated as an example of cognitive dissonance because it is widely accepted that cigarettes cause lung cancer, yet virtually everyone wants to live a long and healthy life. In terms of theory, the desire to live a long life is dissonant with the activity of doing something that will most likely shorten one’s life. Ø You tell your children to brush their teeth twice a day but you don’t. Ø You know cheating on your income tax is wrong but you fudge the numbers every year. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 15
Self-Perception Theory Attitudes are used after the fact to make sense out of an action that has already occurred. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 16
Types of Attitudes Job Satisfaction A collection of positive and/or negative feelings that an individual holds toward his or her job. Job Involvement Identifying with the job, actively participating in it, and considering performance important to self-worth. Organizational Commitment Identifying with a particular organization and its goals, and wishing to maintain membership in the organization. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 17
Types of Attitudes Perceived Organizational Support (POS) Degree to which employees feel the organization cares about their well-being. Employee Engagement An individual’s involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the organization. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 18
An Application: Attitude Surveys Eliciting responses from employees through questionnaires about how they feel about their jobs, work groups, supervisors, and the organization. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 19
Sample Attitude Survey © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 20
Attitudes and Workforce Diversity Ø Training activities that can reshape employee attitudes concerning diversity: – Participating in diversity training that provides for selfassessment and group discussions. – Volunteer work in community and social serve centers with individuals of diverse backgrounds. – Exploring print and visual media that tell and portray diversity issues. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 21
Job Satisfaction Ø Measuring Job Satisfaction – Single global rating – Summation score Ø How Satisfied Are People in Their Jobs? – Job satisfaction declined to 50. 4% in 2002 – Decline attributed to: • Pressures to increase productivity and meet tighter deadlines • Less control over work © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 22
How Employees Can Express Dissatisfaction Exit Voice Behavior directed toward leaving the organization. Active and constructive attempts to improve conditions. Loyalty Neglect Passively waiting for conditions to improve. Allowing conditions to worsen. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 23
Responses to Job Dissatisfaction Source: C. Rusbult and D. Lowery, “When Bureaucrats Get the Blues, ” Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 15, no. 1, 1985: 83. Reprinted with permission. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. E X H I B I T 3– 5 3– 24
The Effect of Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance Ø Satisfaction and Productivity – Satisfied workers are more productive. – Worker productivity is higher in organizations with more satisfied workers. Ø Satisfaction and Absenteeism – Satisfied employees have fewer avoidable absences. Ø Satisfaction and Turnover – Satisfied employees are less likely to quit. – Organizations take actions to retain high performers and to weed out lower performers. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 25
Job Satisfaction and OCB Ø Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) – Satisfied employees who feel fairly treated by and are trusting of the organization are more willing to engage in behaviors that go beyond the normal expectations of their job. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 26
Job Satisfaction and Customer Satisfaction Ø Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction because: – They are more friendly, upbeat, and responsive. – They are less likely to turnover which helps build longterm customer relationships. – They are experienced. Ø Dissatisfied customers increase employee job dissatisfaction. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 3– 27
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