CHAPTER 3 Todays Multicultural Bilingual and Diverse School

CHAPTER 3: Today’s Multicultural, Bilingual, and Diverse School Exceptional Lives 8 th Edition Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Developed by Theresa Garfield Dorel Texas A&M University-San Antonio

Culture • Culture is the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group; a shared way of life • Microculture is a smaller group within a culture that share similar common identities such as race/ethnicity, religion, language, and geographic origin Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights 3 -

Cultural Identity Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013,

Social Context of Special Education: Historical Foundation • Theories of Diversity • Genetic Deficit Theory - white people were genetically superior to nonwhite people • Cultural Deficit Theory - blames academic failure of students from diverse backgrounds on the inherent disadvantages that exists within the students’ culture • Theory of Cultural Difference - academic failures of students from diverse backgrounds cannot be attributed to perceived disadvantages existing within the culture Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights 3 -

School System Responses • Treatment of second- and third-generation European Americans, immigrant students, and African Americans • Tracking practices • School segregation • Civil rights movement/Brown v. Board of Education ○ Desegregation resulted in high numbers of students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds being increasingly tracked into programs for students with intellectual disabilities Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights 3 -

Court Cases Related to Nondiscriminatory Evaluation Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Larry P. v. Riles (1972, 1974) Diana v. State Board of Education, (1970) Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights 3 -

Disproportionate Representation • Risk ratios ○ 1. 0 = expected representation ○ >1. 0 = overrepresentation ○ <1. 0 = underrepresentation Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights 3 -

Percentage of Students in Special Education in Different Environments by Race/Ethnicity Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights 3 -

Gifted Education Placement • American Indian/Alaska Native: 5. 2 percent • Asian/Pacific Islander: 13. 1 percent • African American: 3. 6 percent • Latino: 4. 2 percent • European American: 8. 0 percent Average total: 6. 7 percent Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights 3 -

Trends in Disproportionality • American Indian/Alaska Native and Black students more likely to receive services for special education • American Indian/Alaska Native students more likely to receive services for learning disabilities • Black students more likely to receive services for intellectual disabilities. • Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic and White students are underrepresented in special education Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights 3 -

Factors Associated With Disproportionate Representation • Racial/Ethnic Considerations • Percentage of students suspended or expelled Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights 3 -

Language Considerations 5 Stages of English Proficiency – Stage 1: Silence/receptive or preproduction stage – Stage 2: Early production stage – Stage 3: Speech emergence stage – Stage 4: Intermediate language proficiency stage – Stage 5: Advanced language proficiency stage Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights 3 -

Income Considerations • 34 percent of all people living in poverty in the United States are children 63 percent live with a single parent. • 30 percent have a parent with less than a high school degree • 39 percent have a parent with some college • The Mc. Kinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Improvements Act of 2001 • Poverty impacts educational achievement • Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights 3 -

Intersection among Race/Ethnicity, Language, and Poverty Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th

Becoming a Culturally Responsive Teacher and Advocate • Enhance your self-awareness • Increase your knowledge and experiences of other cultures • Advocate for systems change • Implement culturally responsive instruction ○ Use the adapted posture of cultural reciprocity ○ Incorporate five components for delivering culturally responsive instruction Turnbull, Wehmeyer, and Shogren Exceptional Lives, 8 th Edition. © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights 3 -