CHAPTER 3 The Structure of Music WHAT IS

CHAPTER 3 The Structure of Music

WHAT IS A MELODY? • Series of success pitches that we perceive as a conceptual whole. • It is what the listener can sing or whistle

• Length • Smoothness • Range • Contour • Melodic Development • Punctuation MELODY

WHAT IS MUSIC? • Organized Sound & Silence in Time

WHAT IS GOOD MUSIC? • Matter of Taste

FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF MUSIC • Rhythm • Melody • Dynamics • Harmony • Form • Timbre • Texture

RHYTHM • Most Fundamental Element • Arrythmic • Alleluia by Heinrich Isaac • Blue Rondo a la Turk by Dave Brubeck

METER • Emphasis • Strong Emphasis or pulse • Weaker Emphasis or pulse

FEEL THE STRONG AND WEEK BEATS: – Stars and Stripes Forever by John Philip Sousa • Duple Simple – Semper Fidelis by John Philip Sousa – Duple Compound

SIMPLE & COMPOUND TIME • Row, Row Your Boat – Compound – Simple

TRIPLE METER • Strong, Weak • Amazing Grace • Triple Simple • Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring • Triple Compound

QUADRUPLE METER • Eine Kleine Nachtumusik, I: Allegro by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 4 1 2 3

QUINTUPLE METER • Mars, The Bringer of War by Gustav Holst 4 1 5 2 3

MIXING METERS • America by Leonard Bernstein 123456 • Adoration of the Earth by Igor Stravinsky • Shifting meter: 4/4, 3/4, 2/4, etc.

DUPLE METER/SIMPLE DIVISION: • • • Stars and Stripes Forever by John Philip Sousa Camptown Races by Stephen C. Foster Them Basses by G. H. Huffine Throne Room and Finale from Star Wars by John Williams Symphony No. 94 in G Maj. (Surprise) II: Andante by F. J. Haydn

DUPLE METER/COMPOUND DIVISION: Semper Fidelis by John Philip Sousa Irish Washerwoman Traditional An American Salute by Morton Gould He's a Pirate from “Pirates of the Carribean” by Klaus Badelt One Last Shot from “Pirates of the Carribean” by Klaus Badelt Prologue from “Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone” by John Williams We are the Champions by Queen Vltava (The Moldau) by Bedrich Smetana

TRIPLE METER/SIMPLE DIVISION: Amazing Grace by Mary Behan Miller Scarborough Fair by Art Garfunkel My Country ‘tis of Thee by Samuel Francis Smith The Star-Spangled Banner by Francis Scott Key The Black Pearl from "Pirates of Carribean” by Klaus Badelt

TRIPLE METER/COMPOUND DIVISION: Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring by Johann Sebastian Bach Festive Overture, Op. 96 by Dmitri Shostokovich

QUADRUPLE METER/SIMPLE DIVISION: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Movement I by W. A. Mozart Bridge Over Troubled Water by Simon Garfunkel Mony by Billy Idol I. Adagio - Allegro Molto by Antonin Dvorak II. Largo by Antonin Dvorak IV. Allegro con fuoco by Antonin Dvorak

MIXED METERS & DIVISIONS: Mars, The Bringer of War from “The Planets” by Gustav Holst Minas Morgul from "The Return of the King" by Howard Shore Berceuse and Finale from "The Firebird" by Igor Stravinsky America from "West Side Story" by Leonard Bernstein Armenian Dances by Alfred Reed The Soldier's March from "A Soldier's Tale" by Igor Stravinsky Dance of the Adolescents from "The Rite of Spring" by Igor Stravinsky

TEMPO • Quickness or Slowness of Pulse • Changes the experience – Amazing Grace - Piano arrangement Amazing Grace performed by St. Michael's Singers Amazing Grace performed by Charlie Rich – Malzel Metronome – Johann Nepomunk Malzel

TEMPO MARKINGS

LENGTH • Long : Beethoven Symphony No. 9, Ode to Joy, 3: 11 • Short Jaws theme song

SMOOTHNESS • Conjunct • Beethoven: Symphony No. 9: Ode to Joy (3: 11) • Disjunct • Britten: A Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra

RANGE • Narrow • 5 note range • Beethoven: Symphony No. 9: Ode to Joy (3: 11) • Wide • 10 note range • Star Spangled Banner

CONTOUR • Ascending • “The Thunderer” by John Philip Sousa • Descending • “Joy to the World” George Frideric Handel • Arch • “Amazing Grace” • Inverted Arch • “Joy to the World” George Frideric Handel

MELODIC • Prime or Original Melody DEVELOPMENT – Holst: First Suite in E-flat – Mvt. 1: Chaconne • Inversion – Holst: First Suite in E-flat – Mvt. 1: Chaconne (inversion begins at 3: 45) • Retrograde – used in 20 th Century Serialism • Retrograde-Inversion – used in 20 th Century Serialism • Augmentation – O Come All Ye Faithful in A Christmas Festival by Leroy Anderson (7: 32) • Diminution – Witches’ Sabbath from Berlioz’ Symphonie Fantastique (Dies Irae theme) (3: 30)

PUNCTUATION • Phrase: Musical sentence • Cadence: Punctuation • Comma • Period • Question Mark • Beethoven: Symphony No. 9: Ode to Joy (3: 11)