Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Power Point

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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Power. Point Text. Edit Art Slides for Biology:

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Power. Point Text. Edit Art Slides for Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition – Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unnumbered Figure p. 32 Model of a milk-digesting enzyme Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education,

Unnumbered Figure p. 32 Model of a milk-digesting enzyme Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unnumbered Figure p. 33 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unnumbered Figure p. 33 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3. 1 Variations in carbon skeletons Structural formula H H Space-filling model Ball-and-stick

Figure 3. 1 Variations in carbon skeletons Structural formula H H Space-filling model Ball-and-stick model H C H H Methane H H The 4 single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron. H H H C C H H H Ethane H H C C C H H Propane Carbon skeletons vary in length. H C H H H C C H H H H H C C C H H Butane Isobutane Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. H H H H H C C C C H H H 1 -Butene 2 -Butene Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location. H H H C H C C H H H H H C C C H Benzene Cyclohexane Skeletons may be arranged in rings. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings H H

Table 3. 2 Functional groups of organic compounds Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 3. 2 Functional groups of organic compounds Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3. 2 Differences in the functional groups of male and female sex hormones

Figure 3. 2 Differences in the functional groups of male and female sex hormones (carbons and their attached hydrogens omitted) OH Estradiol HO Female lion OH O Male lion Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testosterone

Figure 3. 3 A Building a polymer chain H OH OH Short polymer H

Figure 3. 3 A Building a polymer chain H OH OH Short polymer H Unlinked monomer Dehydration reaction H H 2 O OH Longer polymer Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3. 3 B Breaking a polymer chain H 2 O H OH Hydrolysis

Figure 3. 3 B Breaking a polymer chain H 2 O H OH Hydrolysis H OH OH Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings H

Figure 3. 4 A Bees with honey, a mixture of two monosaccharides Copyright ©

Figure 3. 4 A Bees with honey, a mixture of two monosaccharides Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3. 4 B Structures of glucose and fructose H O H H C

Figure 3. 4 B Structures of glucose and fructose H O H H C C OH C O HO C H H C OH H C OH H Glucose Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings H Fructose

Figure 3. 4 C Three representations of the ring form of glucose 6 CH

Figure 3. 4 C Three representations of the ring form of glucose 6 CH 2 OH H 5 C H H 4 C OH OH 3 C H CH 2 OH O H C 1 H C 2 OH HO O H OH H O OH OH Structural formula Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abbreviated structure Simplified structure

Figure 3. 5 Disaccharide formation CH 2 OH H HO CH 2 OH O

Figure 3. 5 Disaccharide formation CH 2 OH H HO CH 2 OH O H H OH H O OH H Glucose OH Glucose H 2 O CH 2 OH O H HO H OH H H OH CH 2 OH H H O Maltose Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings O H OH H OH

Table 3. 6 Sweetness scale Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin

Table 3. 6 Sweetness scale Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3. 7 Polysaccharides O O GLYCOGEN O O Cellulose fibrils in a plant

Figure 3. 7 Polysaccharides O O GLYCOGEN O O Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall O O O O O CELLULOSE OO OO O OH O OO OO Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings O O O Cellulose molecules O O O Glycogen granules in muscle tissue Glucose monomer STARCH Starch granules in potato tuber cells O O O O

Figure 3. 8 A Water beading on the naturally oily coating of feathers Copyright

Figure 3. 8 A Water beading on the naturally oily coating of feathers Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3. 8 B A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol H

Figure 3. 8 B A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol H H C C C H OH OH OH Glycerol HO C O H 2 O CH 2 CH 2 Fatty acid CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3. 8 C A fat molecule H H C C C O O

Figure 3. 8 C A fat molecule H H C C C O O O C O C H O CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings CH CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

Figure 3. 9 Cholesterol, a steroid H 3 C CH 3 HO Copyright ©

Figure 3. 9 Cholesterol, a steroid H 3 C CH 3 HO Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings CH 3

Unnumbered Figure Page 41 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unnumbered Figure Page 41 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3. 11 Structural and contractile proteins Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing

Figure 3. 11 Structural and contractile proteins Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. 11 Enzymes Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. 11 Enzymes Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3. 12 A General structure of an amino acid H O H N

Figure 3. 12 A General structure of an amino acid H O H N C H C OH R Amino group Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carboxyl (acid) group

Figure 3. 12 B Examples of amino acids H H H O N H

Figure 3. 12 B Examples of amino acids H H H O N H C CH 2 O N OH C H H O C CH 2 CH CH 3 H N OH Hydrophobic Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings OH C OH Serine (Ser) C CH 2 CH 3 Leucine (Leu) C O Aspartic acid (Asp) Hydrophilic

Figure 3. 12 C Peptide bond formation Carboxyl group H H H O N

Figure 3. 12 C Peptide bond formation Carboxyl group H H H O N H Peptide bond Amino group C C R Amino acid + OH O H N C Dehydration reaction H C H R N OH Amino acid Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings H 2 O H H O C C R H N C H R Dipeptide O C OH

Figure 3. 13 A Ribbon model of the protein lysozyme Groove Copyright © 2005

Figure 3. 13 A Ribbon model of the protein lysozyme Groove Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3. 13 B Space-filling model of lysozyme Groove Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education,

Figure 3. 13 B Space-filling model of lysozyme Groove Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unnumbered Figure page 44 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unnumbered Figure page 44 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unnumbered Figure page 44 Polypeptide chain Collagen Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing

Unnumbered Figure page 44 Polypeptide chain Collagen Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3. 14 Protein Structure Levels of Protein Structure Pro Primary structure Gly Thr

Figure 3. 14 Protein Structure Levels of Protein Structure Pro Primary structure Gly Thr Gly Glu Leu Met Cys Ser Lys Val N H O C Secondary structure C Val His Val Phe Arg Leu Asp Ala Val Arg Gly Ser Pro O H H O N C CN H R CC N C CN H CC O H O C N C C H H O C C N CN H O C C N H O C R C H C N H O O C C C N H Alpha helix Tertiary structure Ala C N H O C C H O N H O C C N Ala Amino acids C O C Ile Lys Hydrogen bond C Asn Val N H O N C CN H CC N C C N H C O H O C N CC N H C N C H O C CN H O C Pleated sheet Polypeptide (single subunit of transthyretin) Quaternary structure Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transthyretin, with four identical Polypeptide subunits

Figure 3. 15 Linus Pauling with a model of the alpha helix in 1948

Figure 3. 15 Linus Pauling with a model of the alpha helix in 1948 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3. 16 A A nucleotide H H N N N H OH O

Figure 3. 16 A A nucleotide H H N N N H OH O P N O CH 2 Nitrogenous base (A) O O Phosphate group H H OH Sugar Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings N H H

Figure 3. 16 B Part of a polynucleotide A T C G T Sugar-phosphate

Figure 3. 16 B Part of a polynucleotide A T C G T Sugar-phosphate backbone Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleotide

Figure 3. 16 C DNA double helix C A C C T G G

Figure 3. 16 C DNA double helix C A C C T G G A T C G T A Base pair A T G C T A A T A Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings T

Unnumbered Figure page 48 H 2 O … OH Short polymer + H H

Unnumbered Figure page 48 H 2 O … OH Short polymer + H H Dehydration H Hydrolysis Monomer Longer polymer H 2 O Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings …

Unnumbered Figure page 48 C Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin

Unnumbered Figure page 48 C Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unnumbered Figure page 48 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unnumbered Figure page 48 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unnumbered Figure page 49 CH 2 OH O H HOCH 2 H H OH

Unnumbered Figure page 49 CH 2 OH O H HOCH 2 H H OH O HO H OH H H CH 2 OH OH Sucrose Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings HO H

Unnumbered Figure page 49 H O H N C OH H CH 2 OH

Unnumbered Figure page 49 H O H N C OH H CH 2 OH Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings C

Unnumbered Figure page 49 Enzyme B Rate of reaction Enzyme A 0 20 40

Unnumbered Figure page 49 Enzyme B Rate of reaction Enzyme A 0 20 40 Temperature ( C) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 60 80 100

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