CHAPTER 3 sensation and perception Sensation Sensory receptors
- Slides: 58
CHAPTER 3 sensation and perception
Sensation �Sensory receptors: specialized neurons ◦ Stimulated by energy
Sensation �Sense organs: ◦ eyes ◦ ears ◦ nose ◦ skin ◦ taste buds �Transduction: neural activity outside stimuli into
Subliminal Sensation �Subliminal stimuli �Subliminal perception: act upon the unconscious mind �Video
Habituation and Sensory Adaptation �Habituation �Sensory adaptation �Microsaccades
Perceptual Properties of Light �Brightness is determined by the amplitude of the wave ◦ higher, brighter ◦ low, dimmer
Perceptual Properties of Light �Color or hue: length of the wave �Saturation: the purity of the color
Structure of the Eye Light enters the eye through the cornea and pupil. The iris controls the size of the pupil. From the pupil, light passes through the lens to the retina, where it is transformed into nerve impulses. The nerve impulses travel to the brain along the optic nerve.
Structure of the Eye �Cornea ◦ protects the eye ◦ focuses most of the light coming into the eye
Structure of the Eye �Aqueous humor ◦ supplies nourishment to the eye �Pupil
Structure of the Eye �Iris ◦ can change the size of the pupil �Lens ◦ finishes the focusing process
Structure of the Eye • • • Visual accommodation Nearsightedness, or myopia Farsightedness, or hyperopia
Retina, Rods, and Cones �Retina ◦ final stop for light in the eye
Retina, Rods, and Cones �Rods �Cones �Blind spot ◦ No rods or cones
How the Eye Works �Dark adaptation �Light adaptation ◦ night blindness
Color Vision �Trichromatic theory ◦ three types of cones: red, blue, and green
Color Vision �Opponent-process theory ◦ four primary colors arranged in pairs �red and green, blue and yellow ◦ afterimages
Color Blindness �Monochrome colorblindness ◦ no cones or not working at all �Red-green colorblindness
Sound �Wavelength: frequency or pitch ◦ high, medium, or low �Amplitude: ◦ soft or loud �Purity: volume timbre ◦ richness in the tone �Hertz (Hz): cycles or waves per second
Structure of the Ear �The Outer Ear ◦ Pinna ◦ Auditory canal
Structure of the Ear �The Middle Ear ◦ Eardrum � hammer � anvil � stirrup
Structure of the Ear �The Inner Ear ◦ Cochlea ◦ Organ of Corti ◦ Auditory nerve �receives neural message
The Structure of the Ear
Theories of Pitch �Pitch ◦ psychological experience of sound ◦ frequency of sound waves �Place theory �Volley principle
Types of Hearing Impairments • Hearing impairment can result from: ◦ damaged eardrum ◦ damage to the bones of the middle ear
Types of Hearing Impairments • Nerve hearing impairment can result from: ◦ damage in the inner ear ◦ damage in the auditory nerve
Taste • Taste buds ◦ taste receptor cells in mouth • Gustation ◦ sense of taste
Taste �Five basic tastes ◦ sweet ◦ sour ◦ salty ◦ bitter ◦ “brothy, ” or umami
Smell �Olfaction ◦ sense of smell �Olfactory bulbs
The Olfactory Receptors
Somesthetic Senses �Somesthetic senses ◦ skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses
Somesthetic Senses � Skin senses ◦ touch, pressure, temperature, and pain � Kinesthetic sense ◦ location of body parts in relation to the ground
Somesthetic Senses • Vestibular senses ◦ movement, balance, and body position • Sensory conflict theory ◦ information from the eyes conflicts with vestibular senses
Perception and Constancies �Perception ◦ sensations are interpreted and organized in some fashion ◦ Attention �Size constancy ◦ always being the same actual size
Perception and Constancies �Shape constancy ◦ shape of an object as being constant �Brightness constancy ◦ brightness as the same even when the light conditions change
Gold or Blue?
Gestalt Principles �Figure–ground ◦ perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background �Reversible figures ◦ visual illusions �figure and ground can be reversed
Gestalt Principles �Proximity ◦ perceive objects that are close to each other �Similarity ◦ perceive things that look similar to each other
Gestalt Principles �Closure ◦ complete figures that are incomplete �Continuity ◦ things as simple with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex
Gestalt Principles �Contiguity ◦ perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related
Development of Perception �Depth perception ◦ the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions
Monocular Cues �Monocular cues ◦ linear perspective �parallel lines to appear to converge on each other ◦ relative size �objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small
Monocular Cues �Monocular Cues (cont’d) ◦ motion parallax
Binocular Cues �Binocular cues ◦ Convergence �rotation of the two eyes in sockets to focus on a single object
Binocular Cues �Binocular Cues (cont’d) ◦ binocular disparity �difference in images between the two eyes
Perceptual Illusions �Hermann grid �Müller-Lyer illusion
The Hermann Grid
Perceptual Illusions �Moon illusion
Perceptual Illusions �Illusions of motion ◦ phi phenomenon: lights turned on in a sequence appear to move ◦ rotating snakes
“Rotating Snakes”
Factors that Influence Perception �Perceptual set ◦ perceive things a certain way ◦ previous experiences or expectations
Perceptual Set (Cont’d) Would you have interpreted the first drawing differently if you had viewed these images first? Old woman Young woman
Factors that Influence Perception �Top-down �Bottom-up processing
- Chapter 5 sensation and perception
- Chapter 3 sensation and perception
- Chapter 6 sensation and perception
- Copyright ?
- Kinesthesis and vestibular sense
- Chapter 8 sensation and perception
- Chapter 4 sensation and perception
- Chapter 3 sensation and perception
- Gestalt principles figure ground
- Relative height ap psychology
- Perception in psychology
- Sensation and perception crossword puzzle
- Sensation and perception
- Absolute threshold consumer behavior
- Sensation and perception
- Opponent process theory
- Sensation and perception uu
- Receptor types
- Vertebrate sensory receptors
- Classification of sensory receptors
- Exteroceptors
- Classification of sensory receptors
- Classification of sensory receptors
- Referred pain chart female
- Sensory receptors
- Sensory receptors
- Fluid that bathes the sensory receptors of the inner ear
- Perception vs sensation
- Cours sur la perception en psychologie
- Perception vs sensation
- Old woman young woman illusion
- Chapter 7 vision and perception
- Horizontal e vertical
- Difference between alpha and beta receptors
- Orbelli phenomenon
- Difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
- Cholinergic drugs act on receptors normally stimulated by:
- Muscarinic vs nicotinic effects
- Chapter 53 care of the patient with a sensory disorder
- Sensory evaluation cryptogram answers
- What is taste bias
- How easily a food shatters or breaks apart
- Tuberous receptors
- Olfactory receptors
- Umami taste receptors on tongue
- Tonic receptors
- 3 types of lung receptors
- Head paradoxical reflex
- Intracellular receptors
- Gary weinstein md
- Mechanism of drug action
- Spare receptors
- Nuclear receptors
- Basic principles of pharmacology
- 4 types of image receptors
- Jan j shim md
- Spare receptors
- Pharmacological antagonist
- Respiratory ramp