CHAPTER 3 sensation and perception Sensation Sensory receptors

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CHAPTER 3 sensation and perception

CHAPTER 3 sensation and perception

Sensation �Sensory receptors: specialized neurons ◦ Stimulated by energy

Sensation �Sensory receptors: specialized neurons ◦ Stimulated by energy

Sensation �Sense organs: ◦ eyes ◦ ears ◦ nose ◦ skin ◦ taste buds

Sensation �Sense organs: ◦ eyes ◦ ears ◦ nose ◦ skin ◦ taste buds �Transduction: neural activity outside stimuli into

Subliminal Sensation �Subliminal stimuli �Subliminal perception: act upon the unconscious mind �Video

Subliminal Sensation �Subliminal stimuli �Subliminal perception: act upon the unconscious mind �Video

Habituation and Sensory Adaptation �Habituation �Sensory adaptation �Microsaccades

Habituation and Sensory Adaptation �Habituation �Sensory adaptation �Microsaccades

Perceptual Properties of Light �Brightness is determined by the amplitude of the wave ◦

Perceptual Properties of Light �Brightness is determined by the amplitude of the wave ◦ higher, brighter ◦ low, dimmer

Perceptual Properties of Light �Color or hue: length of the wave �Saturation: the purity

Perceptual Properties of Light �Color or hue: length of the wave �Saturation: the purity of the color

Structure of the Eye Light enters the eye through the cornea and pupil. The

Structure of the Eye Light enters the eye through the cornea and pupil. The iris controls the size of the pupil. From the pupil, light passes through the lens to the retina, where it is transformed into nerve impulses. The nerve impulses travel to the brain along the optic nerve.

Structure of the Eye �Cornea ◦ protects the eye ◦ focuses most of the

Structure of the Eye �Cornea ◦ protects the eye ◦ focuses most of the light coming into the eye

Structure of the Eye �Aqueous humor ◦ supplies nourishment to the eye �Pupil

Structure of the Eye �Aqueous humor ◦ supplies nourishment to the eye �Pupil

Structure of the Eye �Iris ◦ can change the size of the pupil �Lens

Structure of the Eye �Iris ◦ can change the size of the pupil �Lens ◦ finishes the focusing process

Structure of the Eye • • • Visual accommodation Nearsightedness, or myopia Farsightedness, or

Structure of the Eye • • • Visual accommodation Nearsightedness, or myopia Farsightedness, or hyperopia

Retina, Rods, and Cones �Retina ◦ final stop for light in the eye

Retina, Rods, and Cones �Retina ◦ final stop for light in the eye

Retina, Rods, and Cones �Rods �Cones �Blind spot ◦ No rods or cones

Retina, Rods, and Cones �Rods �Cones �Blind spot ◦ No rods or cones

How the Eye Works �Dark adaptation �Light adaptation ◦ night blindness

How the Eye Works �Dark adaptation �Light adaptation ◦ night blindness

Color Vision �Trichromatic theory ◦ three types of cones: red, blue, and green

Color Vision �Trichromatic theory ◦ three types of cones: red, blue, and green

Color Vision �Opponent-process theory ◦ four primary colors arranged in pairs �red and green,

Color Vision �Opponent-process theory ◦ four primary colors arranged in pairs �red and green, blue and yellow ◦ afterimages

Color Blindness �Monochrome colorblindness ◦ no cones or not working at all �Red-green colorblindness

Color Blindness �Monochrome colorblindness ◦ no cones or not working at all �Red-green colorblindness

Sound �Wavelength: frequency or pitch ◦ high, medium, or low �Amplitude: ◦ soft or

Sound �Wavelength: frequency or pitch ◦ high, medium, or low �Amplitude: ◦ soft or loud �Purity: volume timbre ◦ richness in the tone �Hertz (Hz): cycles or waves per second

Structure of the Ear �The Outer Ear ◦ Pinna ◦ Auditory canal

Structure of the Ear �The Outer Ear ◦ Pinna ◦ Auditory canal

Structure of the Ear �The Middle Ear ◦ Eardrum � hammer � anvil �

Structure of the Ear �The Middle Ear ◦ Eardrum � hammer � anvil � stirrup

Structure of the Ear �The Inner Ear ◦ Cochlea ◦ Organ of Corti ◦

Structure of the Ear �The Inner Ear ◦ Cochlea ◦ Organ of Corti ◦ Auditory nerve �receives neural message

The Structure of the Ear

The Structure of the Ear

Theories of Pitch �Pitch ◦ psychological experience of sound ◦ frequency of sound waves

Theories of Pitch �Pitch ◦ psychological experience of sound ◦ frequency of sound waves �Place theory �Volley principle

Types of Hearing Impairments • Hearing impairment can result from: ◦ damaged eardrum ◦

Types of Hearing Impairments • Hearing impairment can result from: ◦ damaged eardrum ◦ damage to the bones of the middle ear

Types of Hearing Impairments • Nerve hearing impairment can result from: ◦ damage in

Types of Hearing Impairments • Nerve hearing impairment can result from: ◦ damage in the inner ear ◦ damage in the auditory nerve

Taste • Taste buds ◦ taste receptor cells in mouth • Gustation ◦ sense

Taste • Taste buds ◦ taste receptor cells in mouth • Gustation ◦ sense of taste

Taste �Five basic tastes ◦ sweet ◦ sour ◦ salty ◦ bitter ◦ “brothy,

Taste �Five basic tastes ◦ sweet ◦ sour ◦ salty ◦ bitter ◦ “brothy, ” or umami

Smell �Olfaction ◦ sense of smell �Olfactory bulbs

Smell �Olfaction ◦ sense of smell �Olfactory bulbs

The Olfactory Receptors

The Olfactory Receptors

Somesthetic Senses �Somesthetic senses ◦ skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses

Somesthetic Senses �Somesthetic senses ◦ skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses

Somesthetic Senses � Skin senses ◦ touch, pressure, temperature, and pain � Kinesthetic sense

Somesthetic Senses � Skin senses ◦ touch, pressure, temperature, and pain � Kinesthetic sense ◦ location of body parts in relation to the ground

Somesthetic Senses • Vestibular senses ◦ movement, balance, and body position • Sensory conflict

Somesthetic Senses • Vestibular senses ◦ movement, balance, and body position • Sensory conflict theory ◦ information from the eyes conflicts with vestibular senses

Perception and Constancies �Perception ◦ sensations are interpreted and organized in some fashion ◦

Perception and Constancies �Perception ◦ sensations are interpreted and organized in some fashion ◦ Attention �Size constancy ◦ always being the same actual size

Perception and Constancies �Shape constancy ◦ shape of an object as being constant �Brightness

Perception and Constancies �Shape constancy ◦ shape of an object as being constant �Brightness constancy ◦ brightness as the same even when the light conditions change

Gold or Blue?

Gold or Blue?

Gestalt Principles �Figure–ground ◦ perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background �Reversible

Gestalt Principles �Figure–ground ◦ perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background �Reversible figures ◦ visual illusions �figure and ground can be reversed

Gestalt Principles �Proximity ◦ perceive objects that are close to each other �Similarity ◦

Gestalt Principles �Proximity ◦ perceive objects that are close to each other �Similarity ◦ perceive things that look similar to each other

Gestalt Principles �Closure ◦ complete figures that are incomplete �Continuity ◦ things as simple

Gestalt Principles �Closure ◦ complete figures that are incomplete �Continuity ◦ things as simple with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex

Gestalt Principles �Contiguity ◦ perceive two things that happen close together in time as

Gestalt Principles �Contiguity ◦ perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

Development of Perception �Depth perception ◦ the ability to perceive the world in three

Development of Perception �Depth perception ◦ the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions

Monocular Cues �Monocular cues ◦ linear perspective �parallel lines to appear to converge on

Monocular Cues �Monocular cues ◦ linear perspective �parallel lines to appear to converge on each other ◦ relative size �objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small

Monocular Cues �Monocular Cues (cont’d) ◦ motion parallax

Monocular Cues �Monocular Cues (cont’d) ◦ motion parallax

Binocular Cues �Binocular cues ◦ Convergence �rotation of the two eyes in sockets to

Binocular Cues �Binocular cues ◦ Convergence �rotation of the two eyes in sockets to focus on a single object

Binocular Cues �Binocular Cues (cont’d) ◦ binocular disparity �difference in images between the two

Binocular Cues �Binocular Cues (cont’d) ◦ binocular disparity �difference in images between the two eyes

Perceptual Illusions �Hermann grid �Müller-Lyer illusion

Perceptual Illusions �Hermann grid �Müller-Lyer illusion

The Hermann Grid

The Hermann Grid

Perceptual Illusions �Moon illusion

Perceptual Illusions �Moon illusion

Perceptual Illusions �Illusions of motion ◦ phi phenomenon: lights turned on in a sequence

Perceptual Illusions �Illusions of motion ◦ phi phenomenon: lights turned on in a sequence appear to move ◦ rotating snakes

“Rotating Snakes”

“Rotating Snakes”

Factors that Influence Perception �Perceptual set ◦ perceive things a certain way ◦ previous

Factors that Influence Perception �Perceptual set ◦ perceive things a certain way ◦ previous experiences or expectations

Perceptual Set (Cont’d) Would you have interpreted the first drawing differently if you had

Perceptual Set (Cont’d) Would you have interpreted the first drawing differently if you had viewed these images first? Old woman Young woman

Factors that Influence Perception �Top-down �Bottom-up processing

Factors that Influence Perception �Top-down �Bottom-up processing