Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Objectives Distinguish

Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Objectives • Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. • Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules. • Identify functional groups in biological molecules. • Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down. • Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Organic Compounds vs Inorganic compounds: • All compounds are classified as either _______ or _________. • Which of the following are organic? (circle them) • Which of the following are inorganic? (underline them) Wool Cotton Potted Plant Glass Paper Carbon Dioxide • An organic compound is, or was once _______. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Organic Compounds vs Inorganic compounds: • All compounds are classified as either organic or inorganic • Which of the following are organic? (circle them) • Which of the following are inorganic? (underline them) Wool Cotton Potted Plant Glass Paper Carbon Dioxide • An organic compound is, or was once living. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding • Organic compounds contain ___________ atoms and are found in _________ things. • Most inorganic compounds do not contain __________ atoms. Some exceptions: ________ and _______ The most important inorganic compound in the body is _______. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding • Organic compounds contain Carbon (and Hydrogen) atoms and are found in all living things. • Most inorganic compounds do not contain Carbon atoms. Some exceptions: Monoxide) CO 2 (Carbon Dioxide) and CO (Carbon The most important inorganic compound in the body is water. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Carbon Bonding, continued • Carbon has ________ in its 2 nd energy level. • Carbon atoms can readily form ________ covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds. • Carbon can form _______, or ________ covalent bonds. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Carbon Bonding, continued • Carbon has 4 electrons in its 2 nd energy level. • Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds. • Carbon can form single, double or triple covalent bonds. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Carbon Bonding Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by

Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Functional Groups • Functional groups are groups of atoms that ___________ the properties of molecules and the ______________ in which the molecules participate. • Ex: Hydroxyl, _____, makes a molecule polar, hydrophilic, and soluble in water. • More Ex: Carboxyl, _____ Amino, ______ Phosphate Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Functional Groups • Functional groups are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate. • Ex: Hydroxyl, OH, makes a molecule polar, hydrophilic, and soluble in water. • More Ex: Carboxyl, COOH Amino, NH 2 Phosphate Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Molecule Formations • ________ - simple molecules that bond together to form larger ones. • ________ - larger molecules made of repeated linked monomers. • ________ - large polymers. – Ex: ________, __________, and ____________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Molecule Formations • monomers - simple molecules that bond together to form larger ones. • polymers - larger molecules made of repeated linked monomers. • macromolecules - large polymers. – Ex: carbohydrates , lipids, protein, and nucleic acids. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Large Carbon Molecules • Condensation reactions join _________ (small simple molecules) to form _________. A condensation reaction releases ________ as a by-product. Ex: Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + H 2 O • In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to ____ polymers into monomers. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Large Carbon Molecules • Condensation reactions join monomers (small simple molecules) to form polymers A condensation reaction releases water as a byproduct. Ex: Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + H 2 O • In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to split polymers into monomers. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Energy Currency • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases _______ during cell processes, enabling organisms to function. • _________ is released when bonds between Phosphate groups are broken. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Energy Currency • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function. • Energy is released when bonds between Phosphate groups are broken. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Objectives • Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. • Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure. • Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action. • Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids. • Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of _______, ________, and ________ in a ratio of about _______ carbon to ____ hydrogen atoms to ______ oxygen atom. • Carbohydrates are a source of _______ and are used as ___________ materials in organisms. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a ratio of about 1 carbon to 2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen atom. • Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Carbohydrate • Glucose Molecule: (ratio of 1 C : 2 H : 1 O)

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates, continued • Monosaccharides – Carbohydrates are made up of _______ called monosaccharides. • Ex: _______________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates, continued • Monosaccharides – Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides. • Ex: glucose Fructose galactose Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates, continued • Disaccharides and Polysaccharides – Two _____________ join to form a _______ sugar called a disaccharide. Ex: ___________________ – A ________ sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of three or more ___________. Ex: _______ - chains of glucose stored in liver & muscles. _______ - sugar stored in plants. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates, continued • Disaccharides and Polysaccharides – Two monosaccharides join to form a double sugar called a disaccharide. Ex: Sucrose is fructose & glucose – A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of three or more monosaccharide. Ex: Glycogen - chains of glucose stored in liver & muscles. Starch - sugar stored in plants. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Disaccharides Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Proteins • Proteins are __________ compounds composed mainly of ___________, and ________. • Proteins have many functions including _____, ________, and _________ roles. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Proteins • Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. • Proteins have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic roles. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Proteins, continued • Amino Acids – Proteins are made up of __________ called amino acids. -- The _________ of amino acids determines a protein’s _______ and __________. (R Groups) Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Proteins, continued • Amino Acids – Proteins are made up of monomers called amino acids. -- The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function. (R Groups) Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Proteins, continued • Dipeptides and Polypeptides – Two amino acids are joined by ________ to form a dipeptide. – A long chain of amino acids is called a _______________. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Proteins, continued • Dipeptides and Polypeptides – Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form a dipeptide. – A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Structure of Proteins Chapter menu Resources Copyright

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Proteins, continued • Enzymes – Enzymes ________ chemical reactions and _______ to specific substrates. – The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the enzyme’s shape and _____ the activation energy of the reaction. – Enzymes are sensitive to changes in ____ and __________ Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Proteins, continued • Enzymes – Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates. – The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the enzyme’s shape and reduces the activation energy of the reaction. – Enzymes are sensitive to changes in p. H and temperature. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Enzyme Activity Chapter menu Resources Copyright ©

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Lipids • Lipids are ________ molecules, they ___________ than other compounds, and are an important part of __________. • Lipids do not dissolve in _______. • Lipids are soluble in ____. • Lipids include fats, fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and cholesterol. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Lipids • Lipids are nonpolar molecules, they store more energy than other compounds, and are an important part of cell membranes. • Lipids do not dissolve in water. • Lipids are soluble in oil. • Lipids include fats, fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and cholesterol. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Lipids, continued • Fats may be saturated or unsaturated. • Fatty Acids – Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon molecules that have a ________ (water loving) end a __________ (water fearing) end. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Lipids, continued • Fats may be saturated or unsaturated. • Fatty Acids – Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic (water loving) end a hydrophobic (water fearing) end. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Nucleic Acids • A nucleic acid is a large, complex organic molecule. • The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains ____________ for cell activities. • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key roles in _____________. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Nucleic Acids • A nucleic acid is a large, complex organic molecule. • The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains genetic information for cell activities. • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key roles in making proteins. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Structure of Nucleic Acids Chapter menu Resources

Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is not a function of polysaccharides? A. energy source B. energy storage C. structural support D. storage of genetic information Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following statements is false? F. A wax is a lipid. G. Starch is a lipid. H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature. J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information? A. ATP B. DNA C. protein D. carbohydrates Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores sugars? F. starch G. protein H. cellulose J. glycogen Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The figure below illustrates the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. 5. Which of the following molecules make up the basic structure of a cell membrane? A. waxes B. steroids C. fatty acids D. phospholipids Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The figure below illustrates the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. 6. The “tails” of the molecules in the figure orient away from water. Which of the following describes the tail’s movement away from water? F. polar G. adhesive H. hydrophilic J. hydrophobic Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. simple sugars : carbohydrates : : amino acids : A. lipids B. proteins C. nucleic acids D. amino acids Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The figure below represents the structural formula of a molecule. Use the figure to answer the question that follows. 8. What is the name of the functional group circled in the structural formula? F. amino G. hydroxyl H. phosphate J. carboxyl Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Short Response Proteins are affected by environmental conditions such as heat and p. H. Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be reversed. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response Enzymes are essential for the functioning of all cells. Part A Explain what enzymes do that is essential for cell function. Part B Explain the induced fit model of enzyme action. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.