Chapter 3 Researching the Social World Copyright 2014

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Chapter 3 Researching the Social World Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Chapter 3 Researching the Social World Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Researching the Social World • Research is essential to the discipline of sociology. •

Researching the Social World • Research is essential to the discipline of sociology. • All sociologists are encouraged to utilize previously conducted research while conducting their own. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

The Scientific Method • Sociologists practice empiricism, which means they gather information using their

The Scientific Method • Sociologists practice empiricism, which means they gather information using their senses. • The scientific method is a structured way to find answers to questions about the world. • The scientific method is a systematic search for a thorough understanding of the world. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

The Scientific Method • The scientific method uses steps. • Uncover questions in need

The Scientific Method • The scientific method uses steps. • Uncover questions in need of answers. • Review the relevant literature. • Develop hypotheses (tentative statements about the relationship between two or more variables). • Choose a research method. • Collect data. • Analyze the data. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

The Development of Scientific Knowledge • The scientific method implies that science develops gradually

The Development of Scientific Knowledge • The scientific method implies that science develops gradually and cumulatively. • Confidence in findings grows as they are confirmed by additional research. • All sciences are built on such facts. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

The Development of Scientific Knowledge • Thomas Kuhn (1962) proposed a different model of

The Development of Scientific Knowledge • Thomas Kuhn (1962) proposed a different model of scientific development in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. • A paradigm is a general model that is accepted by most practitioners in a field. • However, scientific revolutions occur when one paradigm replaces another after a scientific breakthrough. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Sociological Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Research • Qualitative Research • A scientific method that

Sociological Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Research • Qualitative Research • A scientific method that does not require statistical methods for collecting and reporting data • Observation and open-ended questions are two examples. • Capture descriptive information. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Sociological Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Research • Involves the analysis of numerical data typically

Sociological Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Research • Involves the analysis of numerical data typically obtained from the administration of surveys and experiments. • Can help us describe and understand observable social realities • Descriptive statistics are used to compare trends over time • Inferential statistics rely on data from small groups to speculate on the behavior of larger groups. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Sociological Research: Observational Research • Involves systematic watching, listening to, and recording what takes

Sociological Research: Observational Research • Involves systematic watching, listening to, and recording what takes place in a natural setting over time • The most common observational methods used by sociologists are participant and nonparticipant observations, and ethnography. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Sociological Research: Observational Research • Dimensions to any type of observation in sociology •

Sociological Research: Observational Research • Dimensions to any type of observation in sociology • Degree to which those being observed are aware that they are being observed • Degree to which the presence of the observer may affect those being observed • Degree to which the process is structured Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Observational Research • Participant and nonparticipant observation • In participant observation the researcher plays

Observational Research • Participant and nonparticipant observation • In participant observation the researcher plays a role in the group or setting being observed. • In nonparticipant observation the researcher plays little or no role in what is being observed. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Observational Research • Ethnography • The creation of an account of what a group

Observational Research • Ethnography • The creation of an account of what a group of people do and the way they live • Entails much more intensive and lengthy periods of observation • Global ethnography: a type of ethnography grounding in understanding globalization • Netnography is using the internet and social networking places and events as the evaluative space of study Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Sociological Research: Interviews • Information is sought from participants who are asked a series

Sociological Research: Interviews • Information is sought from participants who are asked a series of questions. • Types of interviews: • Prestructured • Unstructured Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Sociological Research: Surveys • Questionnaires are self-administered, written sets of questions. • Types of

Sociological Research: Surveys • Questionnaires are self-administered, written sets of questions. • Types of surveys • Descriptive • Explanatory • Sampling: a sample is a representative portion of the overall population • Random • Stratified • Convenience Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Sociological Research: Experiments • Involves the manipulation of one or more characteristics of an

Sociological Research: Experiments • Involves the manipulation of one or more characteristics of an independent variable in order to examine the effect of that manipulation • Types of experiments • Laboratory • Natural • Field Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Secondary Data Analysis • Refers to re-analyzing data that has been previously collected analyzed.

Secondary Data Analysis • Refers to re-analyzing data that has been previously collected analyzed. • Historical-Comparative Analysis • Goal is to contrast how different historical events and conditions in various societies led to different societal outcomes • Content Analysis • The systematic and objective analysis of the content of cultural artifacts Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Issues in Social Research: Reliability and Validity • Reliability • Involves the degree to

Issues in Social Research: Reliability and Validity • Reliability • Involves the degree to which a given measure produces the same results time after time • Concern is with consistency • Validity • Involves whether a researcher is measuring what he/she claims to be • Concern is with accuracy Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Issues in Social Research: Research Ethics • Ethics is concerned with issues of right

Issues in Social Research: Research Ethics • Ethics is concerned with issues of right and wrong, the choices that people make, and how they justify them. • Research ethics is a balance of potential knowledge - the goal is to increase knowledge - and potential harm - the goal is to minimize or eliminate harm. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Issues in Social Research: Research Ethics • Physical and Psychological Harm • Physical harm

Issues in Social Research: Research Ethics • Physical and Psychological Harm • Physical harm can be an unintended consequence of sociological research. • Psychological harm can be caused merely by asking people about sensitive issues. • Illegal Acts • A researcher might witness or even become entangled in illegal acts during the course of his/her research. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Issues in Social Research: Research Ethics • Violation of Trust • Possibility of inadvertently

Issues in Social Research: Research Ethics • Violation of Trust • Possibility of inadvertently divulging the identity of respondents even though they were promised anonymity or confidentiality • Informed Consent and IRBs • Institutional review boards are designed to deal with issues of deception in social research and potential harm. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Issues in Social Research: Objectivity or Value-Free Sociology • Have researchers been, or can

Issues in Social Research: Objectivity or Value-Free Sociology • Have researchers been, or can they be, objective? • Objectivity refers to suppressing personal bias and/or value judgments from entering research • Procedural objectivity involve reporting research findings in a way that any reader will understand how the research was conducted. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Issues in Social Research: Objectivity or Value-Free Sociology • Many argue that value-laden research

Issues in Social Research: Objectivity or Value-Free Sociology • Many argue that value-laden research jeopardizes sociology as it could destroy its credibility. • Others argue that it is appropriate for researchers to be guided by their values or the values that predominate their society. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.