Chapter 3 Positive Reinforcement n Define positive reinforcer

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Chapter 3 Positive Reinforcement

Chapter 3 Positive Reinforcement

n Define positive reinforcer and the principle of positive reinforcement n Define operant behaviors

n Define positive reinforcer and the principle of positive reinforcement n Define operant behaviors and give example

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement Selection of the behavior to be reinforced

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement Selection of the behavior to be reinforced (clear, specific behavior)

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement n n Choice of reinforcer individualized through:

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement n n Choice of reinforcer individualized through: trial and error observation of behavior Premack principle (Opportunity to engage in behavior with high probability of occurring (desired behavior) can be used to reinforce low probability behavior. 5 types of reinforcers (Consumable. Activity, Manipulative, Possessional, and Social ) Variety of Reinforcers: “Reinforcer Menu” increases chances one of the reinforcers will be strong.

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement n Motivating Operations (motivational variables) Conditions that

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement n Motivating Operations (motivational variables) Conditions that alter the effectiveness of a reinforcer and thus the frequency of the behavior reinforced by that reinforcer. Ex. Deprivation and satiation affect both the effectiveness of a reinforcer and frequency of behaviors reinforced by the reinforcer.

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement Reinforcer Size Sufficient to strengthen, small enough

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement Reinforcer Size Sufficient to strengthen, small enough not to satiate n Reinforcer Immediacy Direct-acting effect: effect of immediacy Indirect-acting effect: delayed effects (due to cognitive effects such as instructions, self statements, etc) n

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement n Instructions & Rules Guidelines for reinforcement

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement n Instructions & Rules Guidelines for reinforcement of specific behavior in specific situation. n Is reinforcement Bribery? n Does extrinsic reinforcement undermine intrinsic motivation?

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement n Contingent vs. Non contingent reinforcement Contingent

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement n Contingent vs. Non contingent reinforcement Contingent to specific behavior = effective reinforcement Noncontingent reinforcement may “accidently” increase undesirable behavior that it happens to follow and may lead to adventitious reinforcment and superstitious behavior.

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement n Weaning from reinforcement Gradually try to

Factors Influencing the effectiveness of positive reinforcement n Weaning from reinforcement Gradually try to get natural reinforcers in the natural environment to maintain the behavior

Chapter 4 Developing and Maintaining Behavior with Conditioned Reinforcement

Chapter 4 Developing and Maintaining Behavior with Conditioned Reinforcement

Unconditioned (primary, unlearned) Reinforcers Food, water, sex, warmth

Unconditioned (primary, unlearned) Reinforcers Food, water, sex, warmth

n Conditioned (secondary, learned) Reinforcers Reinforcing strength from being paired or associated with other

n Conditioned (secondary, learned) Reinforcers Reinforcing strength from being paired or associated with other reinforcers (backup reinforcers) (praise, television programs, clothes) We like these things because we’ve learned that they bring other good things.

n Simple Conditioned Reinforcers: for behaviors paired with single backup reinforcer n Generalized Conditioned

n Simple Conditioned Reinforcers: for behaviors paired with single backup reinforcer n Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers: paired with multiple backup reinforcers (money, praise, gift certificate)

n Tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for backup reinforcers. n Token System: A

n Tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for backup reinforcers. n Token System: A behavior modification program that uses tokens.

n Why use conditioned reinforcers? Can be delivered more immediately when unconditioned reinforcers are

n Why use conditioned reinforcers? Can be delivered more immediately when unconditioned reinforcers are unavailable or too costly, etc.

n Backup Reinforcers: another level of complexity…. Can be either conditioned or unconditioned reinforcers

n Backup Reinforcers: another level of complexity…. Can be either conditioned or unconditioned reinforcers (We like this because it brings us this, which we like because it brings us something else and so on…)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Conditioned Reinforcement Strength of Backup Reinforcers Variety of Backup

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Conditioned Reinforcement Strength of Backup Reinforcers Variety of Backup Reinforcers (see generalized backup reinforcers) Schedule of pairing with Backup reinforcer (intermittent schedule more effective) Extinction of Conditioned reinforcer

Chapter 5 Decreasing a Behavior with Extinction

Chapter 5 Decreasing a Behavior with Extinction

n Extinction definition Contrast with punishment and forgetting.

n Extinction definition Contrast with punishment and forgetting.

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Extinction Controlling Reinforcers: Collaboration between settings for consistency of

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Extinction Controlling Reinforcers: Collaboration between settings for consistency of withdrawal of reinforcers. Extinction with Positive Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior Be careful to reinforce the undesirable behavior by not waiting long enough after it stops to reward the absence of the behavior. n Is it cruel to ignore someone who may be a in time of need?

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Extinction Setting of Extinction Program to avoid exposure to

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Extinction Setting of Extinction Program to avoid exposure to reinforcement of undesirable behavior n Instructions and Rules speed learning if verbal skills present n After Continuous Reinforcement to overcome strength of intermittent schedule n

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Extinction n Extinction Burst: It may get worse before

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Extinction n Extinction Burst: It may get worse before it gets better. Why? n Extinction and Aggression: minimize aggression with reinforcement of alternative behaviors.

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