Chapter 3 Opener An evolutionary trend Figure 3

Chapter 3 Opener An evolutionary trend

Figure 3. 1 Two possible histories of change of a character in the Hominoidea

Figure 3. 2 Strains of human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency viruses

Figure 3. 3 Forelimb skeletons of some tetrapod vertebrates

Figure 3. 3 Forelimb skeletons of some tetrapod vertebrates (Part 1)

Figure 3. 3 Forelimb skeletons of some tetrapod vertebrates (Part 2)

Figure 3. 3 Forelimb skeletons of some tetrapod vertebrates (Part 3)

Figure 3. 4 The eyes of a vertebrate and a squid or octopus are an extraordinary example of convergent evolution

Figure 3. 4 The eyes of a vertebrate and a squid or octopus are an extraordinary example of convergent evolution

Figure 3. 5 Parallel evolution

Figure 3. 5 Parallel evolution (Part 1)

Figure 3. 5 Parallel evolution (Part 2)

Figure 3. 6 Convergent evolution based on mutations of the same gene, Mc 1 r

Figure 3. 7 Phylogeny of part of the salamander family Plethodontidae showing that species of Desmognathus with aquatic larvae are nested within a large group of taxa that lack the larval stage

Figure 3. 7 Phylogeny of part of the salamander family Plethodontidae showing that species of Desmognathus with aquatic larvae are nested within a large group of taxa that lack the larval stage

Figure 3. 8 Similar bill shape has evolved independently as an adaptation for feeding on nectar

Figure 3. 9 An example of mosaic evolution

Figure 3. 10 Variation in the shape and length of the bill among sandpipers

Figure 3. 11 Stepwise evolution of the C 4 photosynthetic phenotype in the plant family Molluginaceae

Figure 3. 12 Structures are modified for new functions, and there are different evolutionary paths to a functional end

Figure 3. 12 Structures are modified for new functions, and there are different evolutionary paths to a functional end

Figure 3. 13 Similarities and differences among vertebrate embryos at different stages of development

Figure 3. 14 The teeth of mammals provide an example of the acquisition and loss of individualization

Figure 3. 14 The teeth of mammals provide an example of the acquisition and loss of individualization

Figure 3. 15 Paedomorphosis in salamanders

Figure 3. 16 Comparison of the skulls of a progenetic dwarf salamander Thorius and a typical nonprogenetic relative, Pseudoeurycea

Figure 3. 16 Comparison of the skulls of a progenetic dwarf salamander Thorius and a typical nonprogenetic relative, Pseudoeurycea

Figure 3. 17 Hypothetical curves showing various allometric growth relationships between two body measurements

Figure 3. 18 (A) Allometry and peramorphosis in the extinct Irish elk (B) Logarthimic plot of antler size against body size for 20 species of deer , including Irish elk (M)

Figure 3. 19 Monstera deliciosa is a creeping vine native to Central America

Figure 3. 20 An example of reduction and loss of structures during evolution

Figure 3. 21 Evolutionary trends in columbines (Aquilegia)

Figure 3. 22 Adaptive radiation of Darwin’s finches in the Galápagos Islands and Cocos Island

Figure 3. 23 Some members of the Hawaiian silversword alliance: closely related species with different growth forms

Figure 3. 24 A sample of the ecologically diverse Cichlidae of the African Great Lakes

Figure 3. 25 Evidence of convergence of the prestin gene

Figure 3. 25 Evidence of convergence of the prestin gene (Part 1)

Figure 3. 25 Evidence of convergence of the prestin gene (Part 2)

Figure 3. 26 Genome size variation

Figure 3. 27 Numbers of genes estimated for some eukaryotes whose genomes have been fully sequenced

Figure 3. 28 Orthology and paralogy in gene families

Figure 3. 29 The phylogeny of genes in the globin family in the human genome

Figure 3. 30 Duplications of the Hox genes