CHAPTER 3 NETWORKING DEVICES CCNA BASICS OBJECTIVES HUBS

CHAPTER 3 NETWORKING DEVICES CCNA BASICS

OBJECTIVES HUBS NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS SWITCHES ISDN ADAPTERS BRIDGES SYSTEM AREA NETWORK CARDS ROUTERS WIRELESS ACCESS POINTS GATEWAYS MODEMS CSU/DSU MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL CCNA BASICS

REPEATERS AND HUBS Repeater Transmits data to all connected computers Repeater Hub Transmits data to all connected computers in a star topology Hub CCNA BASICS

HUBS CCNA BASICS

HUBS CAN BE : PASSIVE ACTIVE CCNA BASICS

MSAU CCNA BASICS

MSAU´S HAVE A RING IN AND A RING OUT PORTS RI CCNA BASICS RO RI RO

SWITCHES CCNA BASICS

Switch CCNA BASICS

INTERCONNECTION OF SWITCHES CCNA BASICS

CABLING STANDARDS STRAIGHT. THROUGH CABLE CCNA BASICS

CROSSOVER CABLE CCNA BASICS

RULE FOR A CROSSOVER CABLE 3 - 6 -1 - 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CCNA BASICS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Bridges CCNA BASICS

Bridge CCNA BASICS

ROUTERS CCNA BASICS

Router CCNA BASICS

STATIC ROUTING DINAMIC ROUTING Routing protocols DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING (SMALL NETS) TCP/IP RIP IPX RIP LINK STATE ROUTING (LARGE NETS) OSPF NLSP CCNA BASICS

Network Protocol Distance Vector Link State TCP/IP RIP OSPF IPX/SPX IPX RIP NLSP CCNA BASICS

GATEWAYS Ethernet Gateway Token Ring CCNA BASICS

CSU/DSU CHANNEL SERVICE UNIT/ DIGITAL SERVICE UNIT CSU/DSU LAN SIGNAL CCNA BASICS WAN SIGNAL

WIRELESS ACCESS POINTS TRANSLATES RADIO WAVES INTO LAN SIGNAL CCNA BASICS

MODEMS MULTIMEDIA CCNA BASICS

Port ID I R Q I/O Address Associated Serial I/F Number COM 1 4 03 F 8 1 COM 2 3 02 F 8 2 COM 3 4 03 E 8 1 COM 4 3 02 E 8 2 CCNA BASICS

UART Chip Speed (Kbps) 8250 9600 16450 9600 16550 115, 200 16650 430, 800 16750 921, 600 16950 921, 600 CCNA BASICS

NETWORK CARDS l. Receive data and convert it into electrical signals l. Receive electrical signals and convert them into data l. Determine l. Control if the data received is for a particular computer the flow of data through the cable CCNA BASICS

ISDN Digital Telephone Lines or Telephone Wires ISDN Modem Client ISDN International Communication Standard n Digital Transmission n Extends over Local Telephone Exchange n ISDN Modem CCNA BASICS n 64 Kbps or Faster n Server

SYSTEM AREA NETWORK CARDS Clustering USED FOR SYSTEM CONNECTION IN CLUSTERS CCNA BASICS

MAC ADDRESS 00 -2 E-32 -C 5 -A 4 -BB UNIQUE IDENTIFICATOR 6 BYTE LONG REPRESENTED BY SIX PAIRS OF HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS “NON-CHANGEABLE” CCNA BASICS

EXAM CCNA BASICS

Users are complaining that the performance of the network is not satisfactory. It takes a long time to pull files from the server and, under heavy loads, workstations can become disconnected from the server. The network is heavily used and a new video conferencing application is about to be installed. The network is a 100 Base. T system created with Ethernet hubs. Which of the following devices are you most likely to install to alleviate the performance problems? · A. Switch · B. Router · C. Bridge · D. Gateway CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is A. Replacing Ethernet hubs with switches can yield significant performance improvements. Of the devices listed, they are also the only one that can be substituted for hubs. Answer B, router, is incorrect as a router is used to separate networks, not as a connectivity point for workstations. A bridge could be used to segregate the network and so improve performance, but a switch is a more obvious choice in this example. Therefore, answer C is incorrect. Answer D, gateway, is incorrect. A gateway is a device, system, or application that translates data from one format to another. CCNA BASICS

Which of the following devices forwards data packets to all connected ports? · A. Router · B. Switch · C. Bridge · D. Hub CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is D. Hubs are inefficient devices that send data packets to all connected devices. Many of today's networks are upgrading to switches that pass data packets to the specific destination device. This method significantly increases network performance. CCNA BASICS

Of the following routing methods, which is likely to take the most amount of administration time in the long term? · A. Static · B. Link state · C. Distance vector · D. Dynamic CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is A. Static routing will take more time to administer in the long term, as any changes to the network routing table must be entered manually. Answers B and C are incorrect. Distance vector and link state are both dynamic routing methods. Answer D is also incorrect. Dynamic routing might take more time to configure initially, but in the long term it will require less administration time. It can adapt to changes in the network layout automatically. CCNA BASICS

Your manager asks you to look into some upgrades for your network. The current network is a 10 Base 2 system and you have been experiencing numerous hard-to-track-down cable problems. As a result, you have decided to upgrade to a 10 Base. T system. On the networking vendor's price list are both active and passive hubs. The passive hubs are considerably cheaper than the active ones and you are tempted to opt for them so that you come in under budget. A colleague advises you against the purchase of passive hubs. What is the primary difference between an active and a passive hub? · A. Passive hubs do not offer any management capabilities. · B. Passive hubs cannot be used in full-duplex mode. · C. Passive hubs do not regenerate the data signal. · D. Passive hubs forward data to all ports on the hub, not just the one for which they are intended. CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is C. An active hub regenerates the data signal before forwarding it. Answer A is incorrect. The management capabilities of a hub have nothing to do with the active/passive aspect of the device. Answer B is incorrect. Hubs are not able to operate in full-duplex mode. Only network switches are able to perform this function in this context. Answer D describes the function of a switch, not a hub. CCNA BASICS

Which of the following statements best describes a gateway? · A. It is a device that allows data to be routed from one network to another. · B. It is a term used to refer to any device that resides at the entrance of a network. · C. It is a device, system, or application that translates data from one format to another. · D. It is a network device that can forward or block data based on the MAC address embedded within the packet. CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is C. A gateway can be a device, system, or application that translates data from one format to another. Answers B and D are more likely to describe a router than a gateway. Answer D describes a bridge. A bridge is a device that is used to segregate a network. It makes forwarding or blocking decisions based on the MAC address embedded within the packet. CCNA BASICS

You have a thin coaxial-based Ethernet network and are experiencing performance problems on the network. By using a network performance-monitoring tool, you determine that there a large number of collisions on the network. In an effort to reduce the collisions you decide to install a network bridge. What kind of bridge are you most likely to implement? · A. Collision bridge · B. Transparent bridge · C. Visible bridge · D Translational bridge CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is B. A transparent bridge can be used to segment a network, which reduces the amount of collisions and the overall network traffic. It is called transparent because the other devices on the network do not need to be aware of the device and will in fact operate as if it wasn't there. Answer D is incorrect as a translational bridge is used in environments where it is necessary to translate from one data format to another. Such a conversion is not necessary in this scenario. Answers A and C are invalid. There is no such thing as a collision bridge or a visible bridge. CCNA BASICS

Which of the following represents a valid MAC address? · A. 00 -D 0 -56 -F 2 -B 5 -12 · B. 00 -63 -T 6 -4 H-7 U-78 · C. 00 -62 -DE-6 F-D 2 · D. 000 -622 -DE 5 -75 E-EA 6 CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is A. A MAC address is a 6 -byte address which is expressed in hexadecimal format. Answer B contains the letters T and U, which are not valid. Hexadecimal format uses only numbers and the letters A through F. For this reason, answer B is incorrect. Answer C is only five bytes and so is incorrect. Answer D is incorrect because a byte in hexadecimal is expressed in two characters and the answer uses three. CCNA BASICS

Which of the following devices passes data based on the MAC address? · A. Hub · B. Switch · C. MSAU · D. Router CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is B. When determining the destination for a data packet, the switch learns the MAC address of all devices attached to it and then matches the destination MAC address in the data it receives. None of the other devices pass data based solely on the MAC address. CCNA BASICS

What is the speed of the 16550 UART chip? · A. 921, 600 · B. 430, 800 · C. 115, 200 · D. 9600 CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is C. 115, 200 is the speed of the 16550 UART chip. Answer A is incorrect as 921, 600 is the speed of the 16750 and 16950 UART chips. Answer B is incorrect as 430, 800 is the speed of the 16650 UART chip and 9600 is the speed of the 8250 UART chip. CCNA BASICS

Which of the following devices would you find only on a Token Ring network? · A. Hub · B. Switch · C. MSAU · D. Router CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is C. A Multistation Access Unit (MSAU) is used as the connectivity point on a Token Ring network. Answers A and B are incorrect. Switches and hubs are associated with Ethernet networks. Answer D is incorrect. Routers can be found on both Token Ring and Ethernet networks. CCNA BASICS

CHAPTER 4 OSI MODEL AND NETWORK PROTOCOLS CCNA BASICS

OBJECTIVES: IDENTIFY THE OSI MODEL PROTOCOLS TCP/IP IPX/SPX APPLE TALK NETBEUI NETWORK COMPONENTS IN THE OSI MODEL HUBS SWITCHES BRIDGES ROUTERS NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS CCNA BASICS

THE OSI SEVEN LAYER MODEL A ALL P P L I C A T I O N PEOPLE P R E S E N T A T I O N CCNA BASICS SSEEM E S S I O N TO T N NEED R E A T N W S O P R O K R T DATA D A T A L I N K PROCESSING P H Y I S I C A L

THE OSI SEVEN LAYER MODEL 7 APPLICATION 6 PRESENTATION 5 SESSION 4 TRANSPORT 3 NETWORK 2 DATA-LINK 1 PHYSICAL OSI MULTIMEDIA CCNA BASICS

LAYER 1: PHYSICAL LAYER - SPECIFIES HOW SIGNALS ARE PUT INTO THE MEDIA - DEFINES THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE - DEFINES THE TOPOLOGY CCNA BASICS

LAYER 2: DATA-LINK LAYER - PASSES DATA ON TO THE PHYSICAL LAYER - RESPONSABLE FOR ERROR DETECTION - ERROR CORRECTION - HARDWARE ADDRESSING SUBLAYERS: - LLC. ERROR AND FLOW CONTROL - MAC. CONTROLS ACCESS TO MEDIA CCNA BASICS

LAYER 3: NETWORK LAYER - ROUTING IS DONE HERE - SWITCHING SERVICES - RIP - OSPF CCNA BASICS

LAYER 4: TRANSPORT LAYER - NETWORK TRANSMITIONS - DATA ERROR CHECKING - SERVICE ADDRESSING (PORTS) - SEGMENTATION OF DATA - DATA FLOW CONTROL BUFFERING WINDOWING CCNA BASICS

LAYER 5: SESSION LAYER - SYNCRONIZATION OF DATA BETWEEN APP´S - ESTABLISHES A SESSION - MANAGES A SESSION - TERMINATES A SESSION CCNA BASICS

LAYER 6: PRESENTATION LAYER - CONVERTS THE DATA RECEIVED BY THE APPLICATION LAYER INTO A FORMAT THAT CAN BE TRANSPORTED ACROSS THE NETWORK - ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION CCNA BASICS

LAYER 7: APPLICATION LAYER - CONTAINS THE PROCESSES THAT ALLOW APPLICATIONS TO USE NETWORK SERVICES CCNA BASICS

OSI Layer Major Functions Physical (Layer 1) Defines the physical structure of the network and the topology. Data-link (Layer 2) Provides error detection and correction. Uses two distinct sublayers: the media access control (MAC) and logical link control (LLC) layers. Identifies the method by which media is accessed. Defines hardware addressing through the MAC sublayer. Network (Layer 3) Handles the discovery of destination systems and addressing. Provides the mechanism by which data can be passed from one network system to another. Transport (Layer 4) Provides connection services between the sending and receiving devices and ensures reliable data delivery. Manages flow-control through buffering or windowing. Provides segmentation, error checking, and service identification. Session (Layer 5) Synchronizes the data exchange between applications on separate devices. Presentati on (Layer 6) Translates data from the format used by applications into one that can be transmitted across the network. Handles encryption and decryption of data. Provides compression and decompression functionality. Formats data from the application layer into a format that can be sent over the network. Applicatio n (Layer 7) Provides access to the network for applications. CCNA BASICS

Device OSI Layer Hub Physical (Layer 1) Switch Data-link (Layer 2) Bridge Data-link (Layer 2) Router Network (Layer 3) NIC Data-link (Layer 2) PHYSICAL (LAYER 1) CCNA BASICS

OSI Layer DEVICE ASOSIATED Physical (Layer 1) REPEATERS, HUBS, TRANCEIVERS, AMPLIFIERS, NICS Data-link (Layer 2) SWITCHES, BRIDGES, BROUTERS, NICS Network (Layer 3) ROUTERS, BROUTERS Transport (Layer 4) GATEWAYS Session (Layer 5) GATEWAYS Presentatio n (Layer 6) GATEWAYS, REDIRECTORS Application (Layer 7) GATEWATYS CCNA BASICS

OSI Layer PROTOCOLS (AND SERVICES FOR LAYER 5) USED Physical (Layer 1) Data-link (Layer 2) ARP, RARP Network (Layer 3) IP, IPX, NWLINK, NETBEUI, ICMP, ARP, DLC, SNA, APPLETALK Transport (Layer 4) TCP (FTP), UDP (TFTP, SNMP, DNS, NFS), NETBEUI, SPX, NWLINK Session (Layer 5) FTP, TELNET, SMTP, SNMP, NETBIOS SERVICES: SQL, RPC, NFS Presentatio n (Layer 6) FTP, TELNET, SMTP, SNMP, NCP, AFP, TDI Application (Layer 7) FTP, TELNET, SMTP, SNMP, HTTP, NCP, SMB, APPLETALK CCNA BASICS

OSI Layer PDU Physical (Layer 1) BITS Data-link (Layer 2) FRAMES Network (Layer 3) PACKETS Transport (Layer 4) SEGMENT Session (Layer 5) DATA Presentatio n (Layer 6) DATA Application (Layer 7) DATA CCNA BASICS

BY THE WAY. . . FRAME Alert Signal Header Data Trailer Source Address 0. 5 KB - 4 KB Destination Address CCNA BASICS CRC

SEGMENT TCP Header CCNA BASICS Data

MESSAGE IGMP OR ARP HEADER ICMP OR UDP CCNA BASICS Data

DATAGRAM IP Header CCNA BASICS Data TRANSPORT LAYER Data

PROTOCOLS: CONNECTIONLESS CONNECTION ORIENTED CCNA BASICS

THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE Application Layer HTTP FTP Application Layer Transport Layer TCP UDP Transport Layer IP Internet Layer ARP ICMP IGMP Network Layer ATM Interface Ethernet CCNA BASICS Internet Layer Network Interface Layer

TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL TCP IP UDP ICMP IGMP ARP CCNA BASICS

USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL TCP IP UDP ICMP IGMP ARP CCNA BASICS

INTERNET PROTOCOL TCP IP UDP ICMP IGMP ARP CCNA BASICS Router

INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE PROTOCOL TCP IP UDP ICMP IGMP ARP CCNA BASICS Router

INTERNET GROUP MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL TCP IP UDP ICMP IGMP ARP CCNA BASICS

ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL 1 5 B ARP Cache 2 A 3 6 TCP IP UDP ICMP IGMP ARP CCNA BASICS ARP Cache C 4 1. ARP cache is checked 2. ARP request is sent 3. ARP entry is added 4. ARP reply is sent 5. ARP entry is added 6. IP packet is sent

TCP/IP STANDARDS TCP/IP ADDRESSING TCP/IP INTEROPERABILITY TCP/IP NAMING TCP/IP ROUTING CCNA BASICS

IPX/SPX - CREATED BY NOVELL -IT´S A SUITE OF PROTOCOLS - NOT VERY POPULAR TODAY EVEN IN NOVELL NETS - NWLINK IS MICROSOFT’S VERSION OF IPX/SPX CCNA BASICS

Protocol Function Related OSI Layer(s) Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) A connectionless transport protocol that is primarily responsible for logical network addressing, route selections, and connection services. Network, Transport Net. Ware Link State Protocol (NLSP) NLSP uses a link-state route discovery method to build routing tables. Network Net. Ware Core Protocol (NCP) NCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides the connection between clients and services. Application, Presentation, Session Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Similar to the routing protocol used with TCP/IP, RIP is responsible for the routing of packets on an IPX/SPX network. Network Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) SAP allows systems providing services to the network, such as file and print services, to announce their services and addresses to the network. Application, Presentation, Session Sequenced Packet Exchange(SPX is a connection-based protocol used when guaranteed message delivery is required on the network. Transport CCNA BASICS

IPX/SPX IPX ADDRESSING IPX INTEROPERABILITY IPX/SPX NAMING CCNA BASICS

APPLE TALK - FOR APPLE NETWORKS - IT’S A PROTOCOL SUITE - SUPPORTED BY MICROSOFT CCNA BASICS

Protocol Function OSI Layer Apple. Share provides application layer services, including file and print sharing. Application (Layer 7) Apple. Talk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP) AARP is used to map Apple. Talk addresses to Ethernet and Token Ring physical addresses. Data-link (Layer 2) Apple. Talk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) ADSP is a session layer protocol used to establish connections between network devices. It also functions at the transport layer and manages flow control. The AFP protocol manages file sharing for the network. Session (Layer 5) Similar to the ADSP protocol, ASP works at the session layer of the OSI model and establishes and releases connections between networked devices. ATP establishes a connectionless session between networked systems. ATP functions at the transport layer. Session (Layer 5) Apple. Talk Filing Protocol (AFP) Apple. Talk Session Protocol (ASP) Apple. Talk Transaction Protocol (ATP) CCNA BASICS Session (Layer 5) Transport (Layer 4)

Ether. Talk Link Access Protocol (ELAP) ELAP is a variation of the Apple. Talk protocol that is compatible with the Ethernet protocol. Physical (Layer 1) Name Binding Protocol (NBP) The NBP protocol is used to map computer hostnames to network layer addresses. Network/Trans port (Layers 3 and 4) Printer Access Protocol (PAP) PAP is a session layer protocol used to provide printing services on an Apple. Talk network. Session (Layer 5) Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) RTMP is the protocol on Apple. Talk networks that maintains the routing tables for the network. Transport (Layer 4) Token. Talk Link Access Protocol (TLAP) TLAP is a variation on the Apple. Talk protocol that is compatible with the Token Ring protocol. Physical (Layer 1) Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) ZIP is used to divide network devices into logical groups called zones. Session (Layer 5) CCNA BASICS

APPLE TALK ADDRESSING APPLE TALK INTEROPERABILITY APPLE TALK ROUTING APPLE TALK NAMING CCNA BASICS

NETBEUI ADDRESSING NON RUTEABLE NON COMPATIBLE EXCLUSIVELY USED IN WINDOWS PLATFORMS CCNA BASICS

Protoco l Overview Ro uta ble Addressing TCP/IP Used by default with Unix, Linux, Net. Ware, Windows, and Macintosh systems. The most interoperable of all protocols. Y Uses four sets of 8 bits referred to as octets. The first part of the address refers to the network and the second part to the node. IPX/SPX Used to be the default protocol for Net. Ware, but now TCP/IP is preferred. Still supported by Net. Ware, Windows, and Linux. Simplest addressing scheme of routable protocols discussed here. Y Uses the MAC address to identify the node, and an eight-character hexadecimal address to identify the network Apple. Talk Used by Macintosh, with some support on other platforms. Y Uses a two-part addressing scheme. The first is a randomly generated number for the node address and the second an administrator assigned number for the network address. Net. BEUI Used by Windows. N Uses Net. BIOS names to identify systems on the network. CCNA BASICS

EXAM CCNA BASICS

Which of the following protocols provide network routing functionality? (Choose two. ) · A. NBP · B. RIP · C. RTMP · D. NCP CCNA BASICS

The correct answers are B and C. RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol used on TCP/IP and IPX/SPX networks. RTMP is a routing protocol used on Apple. Talk networks. Answer A, NBP, is incorrect. The NBP protocol is used to map computer hostnames to network layer addresses on Apple. Talk networks. Answer D is incorrect—NCP is a part of the IPX/SPX protocol suite that makes network services available to clients. CCNA BASICS

Which of the following protocols uses the MAC address as part of the addressing scheme? · A. IPX/SPX · B. TCP/IP · C. Apple. Talk · D. Net. BEUI CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is A. IPX/SPX uses the MAC address to identify the node and network addresses. TCP/IP, answer B, uses a four octet address to identify the node and network. Apple. Talk uses a 24 -bit address, part of which is randomly generated, part of which is manually assigned. Net. BEUI uses alphanumeric names to refer to devices. CCNA BASICS

At which OSI layer does a hub operate? · A. Network · B. Physical · C. Data-link · D. Session CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is B. A hub operates at the physical layer of the OSI model. An example of a network layer device is a router. An example of a data-link layer device is a NIC. Session layer components are normally software, not hardware. CCNA BASICS

Which of the following are sublayers of the data-link layer? (Choose two. ) · A. MAC · B. LCL · C. Session · D. LLC CCNA BASICS

The correct answers are A and D. The data-link layer is broken into two distinct sublayers, the Media Access Control (MAC) and the Logical Link Control (LLC). LCL is not a valid term, and session is another of the OSI model layers. CCNA BASICS

Which of the following protocols uses names as network addresses? · A. Net. BEUI · B. TCP/IP · C. IPX/SPX · D. Apple. Talk CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is A. Net. BEUI uses names as network addresses. All of the other network protocols listed use numbered addressing schemes at the network layer to identify systems. CCNA BASICS

Which of the following characteristics best describe the SPX protocol? (Choose two. ) · A. Provides a connectionless communication between network devices. · B. Provides connection-oriented communication between network devices. · C. Functions at the network layer of the OSI model. · D. Functions at the transport layer of the OSI model. CCNA BASICS

The correct answers are B and D. SPX is a connection-oriented protocol that operates at the transport layer of the OSI model. The other answers are incorrect. CCNA BASICS

Which of the following OSI layers is responsible for establishing connections between two devices? · A. Network · B. Transport · C. Session · D. Data-link CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is B. The transport layer is responsible for establishing a connection between networked devices. None of the other answers are correct. CCNA BASICS

Which of the following protocol suites uses ZIP? · A. TCP/IP · B. IPX/SPX · C. Net. BEUI · D. Apple. Talk CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is D. The Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) is used to divide Apple. Talk network devices into logical groups called zones. None of the other protocol suites listed use ZIP. CCNA BASICS

Which of the following protocols offer guaranteed delivery? (Choose two. ) · A. SPX · B. IPX · C. IP · D. TCP CCNA BASICS

The correct answers are A and D. Both SPX and TCP are connection-oriented protocols, which guarantee delivery of data. IPX is a connectionless transport protocol, and IP is a network layer protocol that's responsible for tasks such as addressing and route discovery. CCNA BASICS

At which OSI layer does a switch operate? · A. Layer 1 · B. Layer 2 · C. Layer 3 · D. Layer 4 CCNA BASICS

The correct answer is B. A switch uses the MAC addresses of connected devices to make its forwarding decisions. Therefore, it is referred to as a data-link, or Layer 2, network device. None of the other answers are correct. CCNA BASICS

This is enough for today Go out into the world. . . CCNA BASICS