Chapter 3 Neoplasms Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning Terminology

Chapter 3 Neoplasms Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Terminology Related to Neoplasms and Tumors • Neoplasm – New growth • Tumor – Swelling or neoplasm • Leukemia – Malignant disease of bone marrow • Hematoma – Bruise or contusion Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Classification of Neoplasms • Cancer – General term for malignant tumor or neoplasm • Classified according to: – Appearance and growth pattern – Type of body tissue from which they arise Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Classification of Neoplasms Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Classification of Neoplasms Appearance & Growth Patterns • Benign – – Confined to local area Do not spread Commonly called tumors Usually harmless Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Classification of Neoplasms Appearance & Growth Patterns • Malignant – Malignant means deadly – Spreads to other areas by • Invasion – spreading to surrounding tissue • Metastasis – spread to distant areas Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Classification of Neoplasms Tissue of Origin • Benign – Tissue + oma ex. lipoma • Malignant – – Carcinoma – epithelial or skin tissue Sarcoma – connective tissue (bone, muscle, fat) Lymphoma – lymphatic & blood Other – brain Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Benign and Malignant Neoplasm Growth • Benign tumors – Growth in particular area • But not invasive or metastatic – Encapsulated in capsule – Easier to excise – Limited growth potential • Malignant tumors – – Excessive, without regulation Without structure or function of normal cells Surface area not encapsulated Fast growing, outpace normal cells Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Hyperplasias and Neoplasms • Similarities: – Mean overgrowth of cells • Causing increase in size of tissue – Produce masses identified as hyperplasia or neoplasm • Differences: – Cause – Extent of growth Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Development of Malignant Neoplasm • Genetic mutation due to: – Radiation – Viruses – Carcinogens • Cancer-causing agents – Chemicals Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Development of Malignant Neoplasm • Carcinoma in situ – Atypical cells in epithelial layer of tissue • Have not invaded surrounding tissue • Invasion of precancerous cells – Final stage of cancer development Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Invasion and Metastasis of Cancer • Carcinomas and epithelial tissue neoplasms commonly spread • Lymph nodes filter cancer cells • Absence of lymph node involvement favorable – Making surgical cure possible • Sarcomas shed cells into bloodstream Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Grading and Staging of Cancer • Grading – Determines degree of abnormality • Staging – Considers degree of spread Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Causes of Cancer • For many cancers, cause is unknown • Carcinogenesis progresses slowly – May start, stop, or be reversed but usually is a continual progression • Prevention and cure frequently depend on finding initiating agents Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Causes of Cancer • • • Chemical carcinogens Hormones Radiation Viruses Genetic predisposition Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Causes of Cancer • Personal risk behaviors – Diet – Sexual behavior – Alcohol use Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Cancer Prevention • Preventive measures: – – – – – Do not smoke Limit alcohol intake Protect skin from excessive sun exposure Refuse needless x-rays Avoid heavily polluted air Follow labels when using pesticides and chemicals Maintain healthy body weight Regular breast self-exams (women) Exercise regularly Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Cancer Prevention • Preventive measures (continued) – Routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys – Regular checkups by a physician • • Clinical breast examination for females Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for females Prostate examinations for males Rectal examinations for males and females Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Frequency of Cancer • A leading cause of death in United States • Affects one in two males and one in three females • Affects people of all ages – Both male and female • Most common: – Basal and squamous cell skin cancer Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Frequency of Cancer • Most common (excluding skin cancer): – Lung – Colon/Rectum – Breast – Prostate Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Diagnosis of Cancer Warning Signs • Change in bowel or bladder habits • • • A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in a wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Diagnosis of Cancer • Prognosis best if treated early • Routine screening is helpful • May be found accidentally • Once discovered, biopsy recommended Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Signs and Symptoms of Cancer • • Pain Obstruction Hemorrhage Anemia Fracture Infection Cachexia Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Treatment • Options: – Palliative • Prevent pain and discomfort – But does not seek to cure disease – Preventive • Prevent disease from starting Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Cancer Treatment • Surgery • Chemotherapy • Radiation • Hormone Therapy Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.