Chapter 3 Neoplasms Copyright 2010 Delmar Cengage Learning

Terminology of Neoplasms and Tumors • Neoplasm – New growth • Tumor – Swelling

Terminology of Neoplasms and Tumors • Leukemia – Malignant disease of bone marrow •

Hematoma Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Classification of Neoplasms • Cancer – General term for malignant tumor or neoplasm •

Classification of Neoplasms Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Classification of Neoplasms • Tumors: – Benign • Confined to local area – Malignant

Classification of Neoplasms • Tumors: – Lymphoma • Malignant neoplasms of blood-forming organs and

Classification of Neoplasms • Tumors: – Melanoma • Malignant neoplasm of melanocytes – Glioma

Benign and Malignant Neoplasms • Benign tumors – Growth in particular area • But

Benign and Malignant Neoplasms • Malignant tumors – Without structure or function of normal

Treatment • Options: – Preventive • Prevent disease from starting – Palliative • Prevent

Hyperplasias and Neoplasms • Similarities: – Mean overgrowth of cells • Causing increase in

Development of Malignant Neoplasm • Genetic mutation due to: – Radiation – Viruses –

Development of Malignant Neoplasm • Carcinoma in situ – Atypical cells in epithelial layer

Invasion and Metastasis of Cancer • Carcinomas and epithelial tissue neoplasms commonly spread •

Animation Click Here to Play Cancer Metastasizing Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning.

Grading and Staging of Cancer • Grading – Determines degree of abnormality • Staging

Causes of Cancer • Unknown • Carcinogenesis progresses slowly – May start, stop, or

Causes of Cancer • • • Chemical carcinogens Hormones Radiation Viruses Genetic predisposition Copyright

Causes of Cancer • • Personal risk behaviors Diet Sexual behavior Alcohol use Copyright

Cancer Prevention • Preventive measures: – – Do not smoke Limit alcohol intake Protect

Cancer Prevention • Preventive measures: – Avoid heavily polluted air, household solvents, and paint

Cancer Prevention • Monthly examinations – Breast and testicle • Regular checkups – Papanicolaou

Frequency of Cancer • Second leading cause of death in United States • Affects

Frequency of Cancer • Most common (excluding skin cancer): – – – Lung Colon

Diagnosis of Cancer • • Prognosis best if treated early Routine screening helpful May

Signs and Symptoms of Cancer • • • Pain Obstruction Hemorrhage and anemia Fracture

Cancer Treatment • Surgery • Chemotherapy • Radiation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning.

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Classification of Neoplasms • Cancer – General term for malignant tumor or neoplasm • Classified according to: – Appearance and growth pattern – Type of body tissue from which they arise Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Classification of Neoplasms • Tumors: – Benign • Confined to local area – Malignant • Spreads to other areas – Carcinoma • Largest group of malignancy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Classification of Neoplasms • Tumors: – Lymphoma • Malignant neoplasms of blood-forming organs and lymphatic tissues – Sarcoma • Neoplasms of connective tissue Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Benign and Malignant Neoplasms • Benign tumors – Growth in particular area • But not invasive or metastatic – Encapsulated in capsule – Easier to excise – Limited growth potential Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Treatment • Options: – Preventive • Prevent disease from starting – Palliative • Prevent pain and discomfort – But does not seek to cure disease Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Hyperplasias and Neoplasms • Similarities: – Mean overgrowth of cells • Causing increase in size of tissue – Produce masses identified as hyperplasia or neoplasm • Differences: – Cause – Extent of growth Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Development of Malignant Neoplasm • Carcinoma in situ – Atypical cells in epithelial layer of tissue • Have not invaded surrounding tissue • Invasion of precancerous cells – Final stage of cancer development Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Invasion and Metastasis of Cancer • Carcinomas and epithelial tissue neoplasms commonly spread • Lymph nodes filter cancer cells • Absence of lymph node involvement favorable – Making surgical cure possible • Sarcomas shed cells into bloodstream Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Causes of Cancer • Unknown • Carcinogenesis progresses slowly – May start, stop, or be reversed • Usually continual progression • Prevention and cure depend on finding initiating agents Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Cancer Prevention • Preventive measures: – – Do not smoke Limit alcohol intake Protect skin from excessive sun exposure Use hormone therapy only as long as necessary Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Cancer Prevention • Preventive measures: – Avoid heavily polluted air, household solvents, and paint thinners – Monitor calorie intake and exercise Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Cancer Prevention • Monthly examinations – Breast and testicle • Regular checkups – Papanicolaou (pap) smears for females – Prostate examinations for males – Rectal examinations for males and females Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Frequency of Cancer • Second leading cause of death in United States • Affects one in two males and one in three females • Affects people of all ages – Both male and female • Most common: – Basal and squamous cell skin cancer Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diagnosis of Cancer • • Prognosis best if treated early Routine screening helpful May be found accidentally Once discovered, biopsy recommended Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.