Chapter 3 Myology Section 1 General description Morphology

Chapter 3 Myology 肌学 Section 1 General description 泰山医学院人体解剖学教研室 赵振美

ⅠMorphology and composition of skeletal muscles • Composition – Muscle belly肌腹 – Tendon肌腱 aponeurosis 腱膜 • Classification –Long muscle 长肌 –Short muscle 短肌 –Flat muscle扁肌 –Orbicular muscle 轮匝肌

ⅡOrigin, insertion and action of skeletal muscles

Ⅲ Supplementary structures of muscles • Fascia 筋膜 – Superficial fascia – Deep fascia • Synovial bursa 滑膜囊

• Tendinous sheath 腱鞘 – Fibrous layer – Synovial layer:

Section 2 Muscles of head ⅠFacial muscles 面肌

• Epicranius 颅顶肌 (occipitofrontalis) 枕额肌 – Frontal belly 额腹 – Occipital belly 枕腹 – Galea aponeurotica 帽状腱膜 • Orbicularis oculi • Buccinator 颊肌 • Orbicularis oris 眼轮匝肌 口轮匝肌 帽状腱膜 �腹

ⅡMasticatory muscles • Masseter 咬肌 – – – • Origin－inferior border and medial surface of zygomatic arch Insertion－lateral surface of ramus of mandible and angle of mandible Action－elevates mandible Temporalis 颞肌 – – – Origin－temporal fossa Insertion－coronoid process of mandible Action－elevates and retracts mandible • Medial pterygoid 翼内肌 • Lateral pterygoid 翼外肌

Section 3 Muscles of neck ⅠSuperficial group Platysma 颈阔肌 Sternocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突肌

ⅡSuprahyoid muscles – Digastric 二腹肌 – Stylohyoid 茎突舌骨肌 – Mylohyoid 下颌舌骨肌 – Geniohyoid 颏舌骨肌 Elevate (raise) hyoid bone and depress mandible.

Ⅲ Infrahyoid muscles – Sternohyoid 胸骨舌骨肌 – Omohyoid 肩胛舌骨肌 – Sternothyroid 胸骨甲状肌 – Thyrohyoid 甲状舌骨肌 Depress hyoid or larynx after elevation

Ⅳ Deep cervical muscles Lateral • Scalenus anterior 前斜角肌 • Scalenus medius 中斜角肌 • Scalenus posterior 后斜角肌 Scalene fissure 斜角肌间隙 Action ： Medial • longus capitis 头长肌 • longus colli 颈长肌 Flex the head, bends the neck forward

Section 4 Muscles of trunk ⅠMuscles of back Trapezius 斜方肌 Latissimus dorsi 背阔肌 Erector spinae 竖脊肌

Trapezius 斜方肌 • Origin: superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae • Insertion: lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapulary • Action: upper fibers elevate scapula, lower fibers depress scapula; if scapula is fixed, one side acting along, draws head toward the same side, and turn face to opposite side; both sides together, draw head directly backward

Latissimus dorsi背阔肌 • Origin: spinous processes of lower six thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, median sacral crest, and posterior part of iliac crest. • Insertion: crest of lesser tubercle of humerus. • Action: trunk fixed, extends, adducts and medially rotates arm ; arm fixed, elevates trunk.

Erector spinae • Position: fills the vertebral groove on each side of the spine • Action: extends vertebral column (draw head backward)

ⅡMuscles of thorax Ⅰ) Thoracico-upper-limb muscles胸上肢肌 Ⅱ) Thoracicointrinsic muscles胸固有肌

Pectoralis major 胸大肌 • Origin: medial half of clavicle, sternum, 1 st-6 th costal cartilages. • Insertion: crest of greater tubercle of humerus. • Action: flexes, adducts and rotates arm medially; arm fixed, elevates trunk; elevates ribs 1 -6, aiding in forced inspiration.

Pectoralis minor 胸小肌

Serratus anterior 前锯肌

Ⅱ) Thoracicointrinsic muscles • Intercostales externi 肋间外肌 • Intercostales interni 肋间内肌 • Intercostales intimi 肋间最内肌

Ⅲ Diaphragm 膈 Shape and position: a peripheral muscular part and a central tendon

Openings in the diaphragm • • • Aortic hiatus主动脉裂孔－lies anterior to the body of the 12 th thoracic vertebra between the crura. It transmits the aorta, thoracic duct Esophageal hiatus 食管裂孔－for esophagus and vagus nerves at level of T 10. Vena cava foramen 腔静脉孔－ for inferior vena cava, through central tendon at T 8 level

Action

Ⅳ Muscles of abdomen 1. Anterolateral group Obliquus externus abdominis 腹外斜肌 – Inguinal ligament 股沟韧带 – Superficial inguinal ring 腹股沟管浅环 腹

Obliquus internus abdominis 腹内斜肌 • Inguinal falx 腹股沟镰: • Cremaster 提睾肌:

Transversus abdominis 腹横肌

Rectus abdominis 腹直肌 • Intersections 腱划

Sheath of rectus abdominis腹直肌鞘

Linea alba 白线 脐环

2. Posterior group • Quadratus lumborum 腰方肌

Inguinal canal 腹股沟管 • Position: • Two openings – Superficial inguinal ring 腹股沟管浅环 – Deep inguinal ring 腹股沟管深环 • Structures passing through the inguinal canal – Spermatic cord 精索 – Round ligament of uterus 子宫圆韧带

The Scenery of Jiuzhai Valley in Sichuan