Chapter 3 Motivation and Involvement Consumer Behaviour Canadian

What Is Motivation? n The driving force within individuals that impels them (mengarahkan) to action – Produced by a state of tension due to an unfulfilled need or unachieved goals – Which leads to conscious/subconscious attempts to reduce the tension Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -2

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Needs n The discrepancy between expected condition and actual condition n Want is specific need or need that is addressed to specific object n Desire is a want in which the subject is flown Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -4

Types of Needs n Innate Needs – Physiological (or biogenic) needs that are considered primary needs or motives n Acquired needs – Generally psychological (or psychogenic) needs that are considered secondary needs or motives Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -5

Types of Motives n Motives: Minimum level of needs or goals required to produce motivation n Rational Motives – Goals chosen according to objective criteria (e. g. , price) n Emotional Motives – Goals chosen according to personal or subjective criteria (e. g. , desire for social status) » continued Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -6

Types of Motives n Latent Motives – Motives that the consumer is unaware of or unwilling to recognize – Harder to identify – Require projective techniques to identify n Manifest Motives – Motives that the consumer is aware of and willing to express Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -7

Goals n Generic Goals – the general categories of goals that consumers see as a way to fulfill their needs – e. g. , “I want to get a graduate degree” n Product-Specific Goals – the specifically branded products or services that consumers select as their goals – e. g. , “I want to get an MBA in Marketing from Kellogg School of Management. ” Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -8

GOALS Suatu keadaan (produk) di masa depan yang ingin dicapai (diperoleh) atau dihindari n Positive goal: Keadaan (atau produk) yang ingin dicapai (diperoleh) dengan: (1) melakukan atau (2) tidak melakukan suatu perilaku. n Negative goal: Keadaan (atau produk) yang ingin dihindari dengan: (1) melakukan atau (2) tidak melakukan suatu perilaku. n Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -9

n Negative goals Negative motivation n Positive goals Positive motivation Copyright © 2006 Pearson

1. 2. 3. 4. Saya memakai sunblock supaya kulit saya tidak kebakar Saya memakai kacamata hitam supaya mata saya tidak silau Saya memakai kacamata hitam supaya saya tampak ganteng Saya membeli asuransi karena khawatir pada keadaan anak dan istri saya kalau saya mati. Selain itu, juga untuk memberikan rasa aman pada diri saya Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -11

The Selection of Goals n The goals selected by an individual depend on their: – Personal experiences – Physical capacity – Prevailing cultural norms and values – Goal’s accessibility in the physical and social environment Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -12

Motivations and Goals Positive Motivation Negative Motivation A driving force away toward some object from some object or or condition Leads to an Approach Leads to an Goal Avoidance Goal A positive goal toward which behaviour is directed Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. A negative goal from which behaviour is directed away 3 -13

Positive motivation, efektif kalau: • Dampak yang dijanjikan dapat segera terjadi atau terlihat atau terealisasi • Keadaan positif itu bermanfaat bagi diri sendiri atau orang lain • Kalau orangnya lebih suka membayangkan hal-hal positif tentang dirinya • Kalau produknya merupakan produk pemberi nilai (kosmetik) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -14

Motivasi positif • Tenaga penggerak dalam diri individu yang diarahkan untuk mencapai tujuan positif (a driving force within individuals directed to achieve positive goals) • Tujuan positif: kondisi positif di masa depan yang dapat diperoleh dengan melakukan atau tidak melakukan suatu perilaku Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -15

Motivasi negatif • A driving force within individuals directed to avoid negative goals, i.

Negative motivation, efektif kalau: 1. Waktu terjadinya dampak negative, kalau segera maka motivasi negative efektif, kalau tidak segera motivasi negative tidak efektif. 2. Keadaan negative yang diprediksi akan terjadi berbahayakah untuk diri sendiri atau orang lain? Kalau berbahaya motivasi negative tinggi 3. Orangnya mudah merasakan rasa takut, gelisah, atau kuatir atau tidak? Kalau mudah (high neurotism), motivasi negative efektif. Kalau emosi stabil, seseorang itu sulit dimotivasi dengan motivasi negative. 4. Tergantung produk, apakah produk itu sebagai produk pencegah (contoh sun block) ataukah pemberi nilai (contoh suplemen). Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -17

Question Which one is the best in marketing: Stimulating negative motivation or positive motivation?

The Dynamic Nature of Motivation n Needs are never fully satisfied n New needs emerge as old needs are satisfied n A given need may lead totally different goals n Consumers are more aware of their goals than their needs » continued Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -19

The Dynamic Nature of Motivation Consumer values, personality and self-concept influence consumer goals n Consumers have multiple needs n – Pre-potent need Motives are difficult to infer from behaviour n Past experiences (success/failure) influence goals n – Defence Mechanisms » continued Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -20

n The Dynamic Nature of Motivation Motives may conflict with each other – Three types of motivational conflict • Approach-approach: when a consumer is drawn towards two or more positive goals • Approach-avoidance: when the goal object has both positive and negative qualities – You are both drawn toward and away from the object • Avoidance-avoidance: when the consequences of buying an object is unpleasant, but the purchase does not lead to any pleasure » continued Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -21

The Dynamic Nature of Motivation n Motives can be aroused in many ways – Physiological arousal • Hunger, thirst – Emotional arousal • daydreaming – Cognitive arousal • Random thoughts – Environmental arousal • Cues in the environment (e. g. smell of food) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -22

Philosophies Concerned With Arousal of Motives Behaviourist School – Behaviour is response to stimulus – Elements of conscious thoughts are to be ignored – Consumer does not act, but reacts n Cognitive School – Behaviour is directed at goal achievement – Need to consider needs, attitudes, beliefs, etc. in understanding consumer behaviour n Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -23

Defence Mechanism Methods by which people mentally redefine frustrating situations to protect their selfimages

Types of Defence Mechanisms n n n n Aggression: to protect self-esteem Rationalization: look for reasons for self comfort Regression: childish behavior Withdrawal: withdraw from the process Projection: blame others or object Autism: do nothing Identification: learn how others solve their frustation Repression: Repress unsatisfied need Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -25

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Murray’s List of Psychogenic Needs § Needs Associated with Inanimate Objects: Acquisition, Conservancy, Order, Retention, Construction § Needs Reflecting Ambition, Power, Accomplishment, and Prestige: Superiority, Achievement, Recognition, Exhibition, Infavoidance § Needs Connected with Human Power: Dominance, Deference, Similance, Autonomy, Contrariance continued Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -27

Murray’s List of Psychogenic Needs § Sado-Masochistic Needs : Aggression, Abasement § Needs Concerned with Affection between People: Affiliation, Rejection, Nurturance, Succorance, Play § Needs Concerned with Social Intercourse: Cognizance, Exposition Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -28

Mc. Clelland’s Trio of Needs n Power – individual’s desire to control environment n Affiliation – need for friendship, acceptance, and belonging n Achievement – need for personal accomplishment – closely related to egoistic and selfactualization needs Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -29

Mid-range Theories of Motivation n Psychological Reactance – Motivational arousal due to threat of behavioural freedom n Opponent Process Theory – Extreme initial reactions may be followed by extreme opposite reaction – Priming • Small amounts of initial stimuli will lead to desire for more • extreme amounts of exposure to same stimulus will lead to withdrawal » continued Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -30

Mid-range theories n Hedonic Consumption – Need to gain pleasure through the senses – Explains attraction to scary rides, adventure tours, etc n Optimum Stimulation Level – Desire to maintain a certain level of stimulation that the consumer considers to be optimal Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -31

Motivation and Marketing Strategy n Identify the needs and goals of the target market – Identify both latent and manifest motives n Use knowledge of needs to segment the market and to position the product n Use knowledge of needs to develop promotional strategies n Reduce motivational conflict Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -32

Consumer Involvement The level of personal relevance that a consumer sees in a product

Types of Involvement n Enduring Involvement – long-lasting involvement that arises out of a sense of high personal relevance n Situational involvement § Short-term involvement in a product of low personal relevance Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -34

Types of Involvement- Cont’d n Cognitive Involvement – Rational level involvement in products that are considered to be major purchases n Affective Involvement – Emotional level involvement in products Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -35

Factors Leading to High Involvement n n n Level of perceived risk (social, financial or physical) Level of personal interest in product category Probability of making a mistake or buying the wrong product Extent of pleasure in buying and using a product Number and similarity of competitive brands available Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -36

Measures of Involvement n Brand involvement n Ego involvement n Importance of purchase n Product involvement n Situational Vs Enduring Vs Response involvement n Involvement Profile Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -37

Involvement and Marketing Strategy n Choose media according to level of involvement – Print media for high involvement – Television for low involvement n Choose messages according to level of involvement n Find ways to raise level of involvement Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 -38