Chapter 3 Migration What is migration Immigrant coming

Chapter 3 Migration

What is migration • Immigrant- coming into a country • Emigrant- leaving (Exiting) a country

• Cyclic movement- journeys that begin and end at home and you are only gone for a short period – Activity space- area you cover in one day – Nomadism- longer period of time but along familiar routes

• Periodic movementjourneys that begin and end at home but you are away for a long time – Migrant labor- workers that come to US during growing season – College and military service are both periodic movement – Transhumancepastoral farming where you move from pasture to pasture

• Migration- when movement results in PERMANENT relocation – International- relocating outside your country – Internal- relocating within your country – US trend for internal migration is to the west and the south (Sunbelt) for economic opportunity or retirement

Why do people migrate? • Forced migration- involves people moving because of some involuntary reason – Largest forced migration slave trade – Other large forced migrations British prisoners to Australia; Nazi Germany

• Voluntary migration- people moving by their own choice (better job) • Push factors- conditions that make you want to leave a place • Pull factors- factors that make you choose a destination

• Distance decay- the further away a place, the less likely people will move • Step migration- people who make little moves to reach a final destination • Intervening opportunity- when you do not reach your final destination because in your travels a new opportunity occurred

Laws of Migration Ravenstein • For every group of people who move, some will move back (counter migration) • Migration usually occurs over a short distance • Long distance movers choose big cities • Most migrants are rural moving to cities • Young adults are the typical migrants

• Gravity model (Ravenstein) number of migrants decrease as the travel distance increases. This is why large populations are spaced apart (big population on west and east coast, not the middle)

Types of push/ pull factors • Economic- poverty drives people to move (imaginary pull factors- believing another location can solve all of your problems) • Political- oppressive governments like Vietnam and Cuba

• Environmental- agriculture or environmental crisis (earthquakes, famine) • Culture- people leave hostile environments where their culture is being ridiculed • Technology- makes travel easier and has encouraged chain migration where family members follow their loved ones to a destination (kinship links)

Where do people migrate? • Changed with colonization where Europe took over parts of the world and immigration • Major movements: Europe to North Am. ; Southern Europe to South/Central Am. ; British Isles to Aust. ; Africa to Americas; India to East Africa; SE Asia to Caribbean

• Islands of Development- usually coastal cities that are the home of foreign investment and paying jobs (usually poor countries)

• Regional Migration flows: – Jewish immigrants to Israel since WWII (also many Arabs forced to move) – Eastern Europeans moved west after WWII (communism); Cubans fleeing north – US migrations: post civil was African American moving North and then in 1970 s African Americans moving South

• Guest workers- laborers from other countries who are legally working in the country temporarily • Brain drain- when your educated workforce moves to another country

• Refugees person who flees an area due to fear of life and safety (international- Haiti internal- Hurricane Katrina victims) • Characteristics of refugees: carry everything; come by foot, bike, or boat; have no documentation

• Refugees who do not get asylum (gov. help) are sent back – Who is a refugee and who is “faking” • Regions of dislocation: Sub Sahara Africa (Rwanda, Sudan); middle east (Afghanistan); Israel; SE Asia (Vietnam, Cambodia); Europe (Yugoslavia)

Government and Migration • Immigration laws- set who can come in and how many – 1880 excluded Asians – 1920 restricted southern Europeans – Selective immigration (now use quotas) – Post 9 -11 migration laws changed for people from terrorist flagged countries