Chapter 3 Meat and Bones The Musculoskeletal System
Chapter 3 Meat and Bones
The Musculoskeletal System • The musculoskeletal system consists of two systems that work together to support the body and allow for movement of the animal: – the skeletal system = bones, joints, cartilage, and various connective tissues – the muscular system = muscles and various connective tissues
Functions of the Skeletal System • Framework that provides support and protection • Formation of blood cells • Aids in movement
Structures of the Skeletal System • • • Bones Cartilage Joints Ligaments and Tendons Bursa Synovial membrane and fluid
Bone • Bone is one of the hardest tissues in the body. • Combining forms for bone: – oste/o – oss/e – oss/i
Bone • Bones start as cartilage and fibrous membranes that harden into bone before birth. – The formation of bone from fibrous tissue is known as ossification.
Bone • Cortical bone is the hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone. – Cortex means bark or shell in Latin. – Cortical bone also is known as compact bone.
Bone • Cancellous bone is the lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bone. – cancellous = latticework in Latin – also known as spongy bone
Bone • Long bones consist of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity. • Examples of long bones are the femur, humerus, tibia, and radius.
Bone • • • Short – carpal Flat – pelvis Pneumatic – frontal Irregular – vertebrae Sesamoid – patella
Bone • Hematopoietic – Formation of blood and blood components – Red bone marrow produces • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Clotting cells – Yellow bone marrow • Fat storage
Cartilage • Cartilage is a form of connective tissue that is more elastic than bone. • The combining form for cartilage is chondr/o.
Cartilage • Articular cartilage is a type of cartilage that covers the joint surfaces of bone. • The meniscus is a curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints. – provides additional cushioning
Joints • Joints are connections between bones. • Joints also are known as articulations. • The combining form for joint is arthr/o.
Joints • Joints are classified based on their degree of movement: – synarthroses • immovable – amphiarthroses • slightly movable – diathroses • freely movable
Ligaments and Tendons • Ligaments are bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect one bone to another. – Ligament/o is the combining form for ligament. • Tendons are bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscle to bone. – Ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o are combining forms for tendon
Bursa and Synovial Fluid • Bursa is a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to reduce friction during movement • Synovial fluids acts as a lubricant for joint movement
The Axial Skeleton • The cranium is the portion of the skull that encloses the brain. • The combining form for skull is crani/o. • The skull also has air- or fluid-filled spaces called sinuses.
The Axial Skeleton • The vertebral column supports the head and body and provides protection for the spinal cord. • The vertebral column is comprised of individual bones called vertebra. – The combining forms for vertebra are spondyl/o and vertebr/o. – Vertebrae is the plural form.
Parts of a Vertebra • Vertebrae are divided into parts: – – – body arch lamina vertebral foramen processes • spinous process • transverse process • articular process
Other Axial Skeleton Parts • Ribs – Combining form is cost/o. • Sternum – manubrium – body – xiphoid process
The Appendicular Skeleton • The appendicular skeleton is the framework that consists of the extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdle. – Appen means to add or hang. – The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the front and hind limbs.
The Appendicular Skeleton • Front limb – – – – scapula clavicle humerus radius ulna carpal bones metacarpal bones • cannon bone in livestock – phalanges
The Appendicular Skeleton • Phalanx names: – P 1 = long pastern bone in livestock – P 2 = short pastern bone in livestock – P 3 = coffin bone in livestock – P 3 in small animals may be called the claw or nail. • Combining form for claw or nail is onych/o.
The Appendicular Skeleton • Hind limb – – – – pelvis femur patella tibia fibula tarsal bones metatarsal bones • cannon bone in livestock – phalanges
Pelvic Bones • The bones of the pelvis: – – ilium ischium pubis acetabulum— bony part of the socket joint
Structural Support • Bones have bumps, grooves, and ridges • Bones have extensions and depressions
Test Me: Skeletal System • Involves examination and surgery of joints and bones • Used to detect fractures and disease
Fractures
Procedures
Functions of the Muscular System • Muscles are organs that contract to produce movement. • Muscles are responsible for the following: – – ambulation control of organs and tissues pumping of blood generation of heat
Structures of the Muscular System • Muscles are made up of long, slender cells called muscle fibers. • Each muscle consists of a group of muscle fibers in a fibrous sheath. – My/o is the combining form for muscle. – Fibr/o and fibros/o are combining forms for fibrous tissue.
Types of Muscle Tissue
Types of Muscle Tissue
Structures of the Muscular System • Fascia is a sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles. – Fasci/o and fasc/i are combining forms for fascia.
Structures of the Muscular System • Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that connect muscle to bone. – Tend/o, tendin/o, and ten/o are combining forms for tendon.
Structures of the Muscular System • Aponeurosis is a fibrous sheet that gives attachment to muscular fibers and serves as a means of origin and insertion of a flat muscle. – Aponeur/o is the combining form for aponeurosis.
Terminology Related to the Muscular System • Kinesio/o and -kinesis mean movement. – Kinesiology is the study of movement. • anti- = against • agon = struggle – Antagonistic muscles work against or opposite other muscles.
Terminology Related to the Muscular System • syn = together • erg = work – Synergist muscles work with other muscles to produce movement.
Naming Muscles • Origin – Where muscle begins • Insertion – Where muscle ends • Muscle movement terms: – – – – – abductor adductor flexor extensor levator depressor rotator supinator pronator
Naming Muscles • Muscle location terms: – – pectoral epaxial intercostal infraspinatus
Naming Muscles • Muscle fiber directional terms: – – rectus oblique transverse sphincter • Number of muscle division terms: – biceps – triceps – quadriceps
Naming Muscles • Muscle size terms: – – – minimus maximus major minor latissimus longissimus
Naming Muscles • Muscle shape terms: – deltoid – quadratus – rhomboideus
Test Me • Electromyography – Recording of the electrical activity of muscle
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