CHAPTER 3 LOCATING PLACES ON A MAP Cities

CHAPTER 3 – LOCATING PLACES ON A MAP Cities Pin point places in google maps

CHAPTER 3 -Locating Places on a Map Compass Points and Bearings Compass Points v. North, East, South and West v. Combinations of above (i. e. WSW) v. Remember: “N “ ever Eat Salt Water” for the proper order

Compass Bearings In degrees going clockwise from 00 to 3600 00 3150 450 900 2700 2250 1350 1800

n n n Compasses do not always point to the north pole They point to magnetic north This point moves over time and to make compasses accurate you need to adjust declination

Movement of the Magnetic North Pole

Magnetic Declination n The angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true Needs to be adjusted on manual compasses To compensate for the discrepancy between true north (the pole) and magnetic north

Grid References n n n May contain a number and letter to indicate a corresponding place on the map for reference May use just numbers Often uses actual degrees East and North

Grid References n n n n n What is the grid reference for: Doritos? Answer = B 5 Ice Cream? Answer = D 1 Classic Coke? Answer = C 3 Pizza Hut? Answer = E 5 Tootsie Roll? Answer = A 3

Mapping Symbols n n Legends will differ depending on the purpose of the map The color blue should always be reserved for water

Eastings and Northings n n n Four-figure grid reference is calculated by listing the eastings and northings Always list eastings before northings (alphabetical order) This gives you a simple four digit location

Eastings and Northings n n n Six-figure grid reference is more accurate This system further breaks down each grid into tenths This requires some calculation by the researcher

n n n What is the sixfigure reference of Y? Y = 220520 What is the location of X? X = 230526 What is the location of B? B = 235510

Latitude & Longitude n n Latitude & Longitude form a grid around the earth which we can use to give specific directions. They measure angular distanced from of places north or south of the equator (latitude) and they measure angular distances east and west of the prime meridian (longitude). These grid co-ordinates are the foundation

Finding your way around a map n n Latitude: imaginary horizontal lines showing positions, measured in degrees, north and south of the Equator Longitude: imaginary vertical lines drawn between the poles showing positions, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds east and west from the Prime Meridian Equator: the 00 line of latitude that circles the earth from west to east Prime Meridian: the 00 line of longitude that circles the earth from north to south

Latitude & Longitude n Prime Meridian is also called the Greenwich Line

Latitude & Longitude n n n Latitude and Longitude when used together are called co-ordinates In the back of each atlas you will find a gazetteer (Canada first and then the World) The gazetteer can be used along with co-ordinates to find the location of a place on the map

Latitude & Longitude n n Absolute location is the name given to a location based on coordinates (Ottawa is 450 24’N 750 38’W) Relative location is the location of a place based on its proximity to another fixed point (next to the car wash)

Longitude (Meridians) n n Longitude (Meridians) North – South 00 = Prime Meridian (Greenwich Line) International Date Line 1800

Latitude (Parallels) East – West Ø 00 = Equator Ø 900 N = North Pole Ø 23. 50 N = Tropic of Cancer Ø 66. 50 N = Arctic Circle

Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn n n Tropics are the farthest lines of latitude north and south that the sun can be directly over that line on June the 21 st in the north (Cancer) and December 21 st in the south (Capricorn) Arctic and Antarctic Circles: On June 21 st all areas north of the Arctic have 24 hours of daylight and on December 21 st south of the Antarctic Circle all areas have 24 hours of sunlight.

Latitude & Longitude n n degrees of latitude are 111 km apart so we have subdivided these spaces further into minutes in order to more accurately pinpoint locations Using Ottawa as an example again, it is located at 45 24 N 75 38 W. (It can also be written as 450 24’ N 750 38’ W. ) The first number is in degrees the second is in minutes. To locate a point accurately there is often a third number (seconds) shown as 23”… 450 24’ 22” N

Latitude and Longitude n n Latitude indicated by N or S Longitude indicated by E or W

HEMISPHERS Northern Hemisphere Prime Meridian Western Hemisphere Equator Eastern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

n n n The world is divided up into 24 time zones The 0’ line runs through Greenwich England The International Dateline runs through the Pacific Ocean (when you cross this line you change the day)

Time Zones n n n Time zone: a division of the earths surface, usually extending across 15’ longitude, that establishes a uniform time Proposed by Canadian railway planner Sir Sandford Fleming in the late 1870’s Before ‘standard time’ people set their clock by the sun (high noon) Time zones are later as you move east, earlier as you move west In Canada there are 6 time zones

Canadian Time Zones West to East n n n Pacific Standard Time (PST) 12: 00 Mountain Standard Time (MST) 1: 00 Central Standard Time (CST) 2: 00 Eastern Standard Time (EST) 3: 00 Atlantic Standard Time (AST) 4: 00 Newfoundland Standard Time (NST) 4: 30