Chapter 3 Intercultural Communication 1 Intercultural Communication Interactions

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Chapter 3 Intercultural Communication 1

Chapter 3 Intercultural Communication 1

Intercultural Communication Interactions that occur between people whose cultures are so different that the

Intercultural Communication Interactions that occur between people whose cultures are so different that the communication between them is altered 2

Culture �The system of beliefs, values, and attitudes shared by a particular segment of

Culture �The system of beliefs, values, and attitudes shared by a particular segment of a population Culture Shock �The psychological discomfort of adjusting to a new cultural situation 3

Dominant Culture within a society whose attitudes, values, beliefs, and customs hold the majority

Dominant Culture within a society whose attitudes, values, beliefs, and customs hold the majority opinion 4

Co-Cultures Groups of people living within a dominant culture who are clearly different from

Co-Cultures Groups of people living within a dominant culture who are clearly different from the dominant culture 5

Examples of some Co-Cultures �Gender �Race � Codeswitching �Ethnicity �Sexual orientation and gender identity

Examples of some Co-Cultures �Gender �Race � Codeswitching �Ethnicity �Sexual orientation and gender identity �Religion �Social class �Generation �Cultures Created by Geographic Regions �Cultures created by Interests � Technological? � Gaming Cultures? � Theater Cultures? � Sporting Cultures? � Racing Cultures? �Work Cultures Most of us belong to more than one cultural group and that helps make up our cultural identity. 6

How Cultures Differ �With respect to many nonverbal “norms” or rules of behavior �

How Cultures Differ �With respect to many nonverbal “norms” or rules of behavior � Dress � Time � Gender expectations � Individualism � Power � Uncertainty and predictability � Others 7

Individualism-Collectivism Individualistic cultures value: Ø Personal rights and responsibilities Ø Competition and personal achievement

Individualism-Collectivism Individualistic cultures value: Ø Personal rights and responsibilities Ø Competition and personal achievement Ø Self-expression Ø Privacy Collectivist cultures value: Ø Community, strong connection to groups Ø Harmony and cooperation Ø Avoiding embarrassment Ø Group interests over selfinterests 8

Identifying Cultural Similarities and Differences � Individualism-Collectivism: extent to which people in a culture

Identifying Cultural Similarities and Differences � Individualism-Collectivism: extent to which people in a culture are integrated into groups � Uncertainty Avoidance: extent to which people in a culture avoid unpredictability regarding people, relationships, and events � Power Distance: amount of difference in power between people, institutions, and organizations in a culture � Masculinity-Femininity: extent to which notions of "maleness" and "femaleness" are valued in a culture � Time Orientation: differences in how cultures perceive time 9

Uncertainty Avoidance Low Uncertainty Avoidance Ø Comfortable with unpredictability Ø Takes risks Ø Few

Uncertainty Avoidance Low Uncertainty Avoidance Ø Comfortable with unpredictability Ø Takes risks Ø Few rules Ø Accepts multiple perspectives of “truth” High Uncertainty Avoidance Ø Creates systems of formal rules Ø Believes in absolute truth Ø Less tolerant of deviant ideas or behaviors 10

Power Distance High Power Distance Ø Power distributed unequally Ø Power imbalances seen as

Power Distance High Power Distance Ø Power distributed unequally Ø Power imbalances seen as natural Ø Power is respected Low Power Distance Ø Power is distributed equally Ø Inequalities are downplayed Ø People with power are not feared Ø Democracy is valued 11

Masculinity-Femininity Masculine Cultures Ø Traditional sex-based roles followed Ø Men are assertive and dominant

Masculinity-Femininity Masculine Cultures Ø Traditional sex-based roles followed Ø Men are assertive and dominant Ø Women are nurturing, service-oriented Ø Male traits valued over female traits Feminine Cultures Ø Roles not based on one’s sex Ø People free to act in nontraditional ways Ø Feminine traits valued Ø Both men and women demonstrate both masculine and feminine behaviors 12

Time Orientation Monochronic Ø Value punctuality Ø Follow plans Polychronic Ø Value flexible schedules

Time Orientation Monochronic Ø Value punctuality Ø Follow plans Polychronic Ø Value flexible schedules Ø Multitasking 13

U. S. Rankings (among 53 Countries/Regions) 15 th 43 rd 38 th 14

U. S. Rankings (among 53 Countries/Regions) 15 th 43 rd 38 th 14

Cultural Context Low-Context Ø Direct verbal messages Ø Speakers expected to say what they

Cultural Context Low-Context Ø Direct verbal messages Ø Speakers expected to say what they mean High-Context Ø Indirect meaning Ø Understood by referring to unwritten cultural rules and subtle nonverbal behavior Ø “Read between the lines” Ø Japanese Culture Facial Expression: 33: 40 15

Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communication �Anxiety �Assuming similarity or difference culture �Ethnocentrism �Stereotyping �Incompatible

Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communication �Anxiety �Assuming similarity or difference culture �Ethnocentrism �Stereotyping �Incompatible communication codes �Incompatible norms and values 16

Pyramid Model of Intercultural Competence 17

Pyramid Model of Intercultural Competence 17

Intercultural Communication Competence • Intercultural competence: effective and appropriate behavior and communication in intercultural

Intercultural Communication Competence • Intercultural competence: effective and appropriate behavior and communication in intercultural situations • Internal outcomes: • Informed frame of reference, filter shift • Adaptability, flexibility • Ethnorelativism: point of view that allows you to see value in other cultural perspectives • Empathy 18

Intercultural Competence External outcome: Behaving and communicating effectively and appropriately to achieve your goals

Intercultural Competence External outcome: Behaving and communicating effectively and appropriately to achieve your goals 19