Chapter 3 Infancy Childhood Section 1 Physical Perceptual

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Chapter 3: Infancy & Childhood Section 1: Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development Section 2:

Chapter 3: Infancy & Childhood Section 1: Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development Section 2: Cognitive & Emotional Development Section 3: Parenting Styles & Social Development (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Section 1: Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development • Developmental psychology: the study of changes

Section 1: Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development • Developmental psychology: the study of changes that occur as an individual matures • Nature and Nurture • Newborns – Capacities • Grasping reflex: an infant’s clinging response to a touch on the palm of the hand • Rooting reflex: an infant’s response in turning toward the source o touching that occurs anywhere around the mouth (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2

• Physical Development – Infant average birth weight = 7. 3 pounds –

• Physical Development – Infant average birth weight = 7. 3 pounds – Maturation: the internally programmed growth of a child – Learning: a relatively permanent change in behavior that happens as a result o experience • Perceptual Development – Visual cliff • Language Development – Can animals use language? • chimps • Grammar – How do children acquire language? Telegraphic speech: the kind of verbal utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear • Where my doll • I goed to school (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3

Section 2: Cognitive & Emotional Development • Cognitive Development – How does knowing change?

Section 2: Cognitive & Emotional Development • Cognitive Development – How does knowing change? • Schema: a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world • Assimilation: the process of fitting objects and experiences into one’s schemas • Accommodation: the adjustment of one’s schemas to include newly observed events and experiences • Object permanence: a child’s realization that an object exisits even when he/she cannot see or touch it • Representational thought: the intellectual ability of a child to picture something in his/her mind (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 4

• The principle of conservation – Conservation: the principle that a given quality

• The principle of conservation – Conservation: the principle that a given quality does not change when its appearance changes – Egocentric: a young child’s inability to understand another person’s perspective • Jean Piaget & the stages of cognitive development – Sensorimotor » Birth – 2 years – Preoperational » 2 -7 years – Concrete operations » 7 -11 years – Formal operations » 11 - and beyond (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 5

• Emotional Development – Experiments on animals • Imprinting: inherited tendency of some

• Emotional Development – Experiments on animals • Imprinting: inherited tendency of some newborns to follow the first moving object they see • Critical period: a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned • Surrogate Mothers – Wire vs. cloth – Human Infants • Attachment at 6 months – 3 years – Separation anxiety • Stranger situation – Secure attachment – Avoidant attachment – Resistant attachment (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 6

Section 3: Parenting Styles & Social Development • Parenting Styles – Authoritarian: parents attempt

Section 3: Parenting Styles & Social Development • Parenting Styles – Authoritarian: parents attempt to control and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children and adolescents in accordance with a set code of conduct – Democratic/Authoritative: children and adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives – Permissive/Laissez-Faire: children and adolescents have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a non-punishing, accepting attitude toward children (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 7

• Effects of Parenting Styles – – Establishment of limits Assuming responsibility Indentifying

• Effects of Parenting Styles – – Establishment of limits Assuming responsibility Indentifying with parents Independence • Child Abuse – The physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or mistreatment of children under the age of 18 by adults entrusted with their care • 906, 000 confirmed cases in 2003 – Why is there child abuse? – What constitutes child abuse? • Spanking? • Yelling? (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 8

• Social Development – Socialization: the process of learning the rules of behavior

• Social Development – Socialization: the process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live – How can we describe socialization? – What is the reason for socialization? – Give examples of how we learn socialization in school… (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 9

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development • Oral Stage –infant seeks pleasure around mouth (0

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development • Oral Stage –infant seeks pleasure around mouth (0 -18 months) • Anal Stage – infant seeks pleasure centered on functions of elimination (18 months- 3 years) • Phallic Stage – infant seeks pleasure centered around genitals (3 – 6 years) • Latency Stage – sexual thoughts repressed; focus on developing social and intellectual skills (6 years – puberty) • Genital Stage – sexual desires renewed; individual seeks relationships with others (puberty through adulthood) • Identification – the process by which a child adopts the values and principles of the same gender parent • Sublimation – the process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 10

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development • Life periods in which an individual’s goal is

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development • Life periods in which an individual’s goal is to satisfy desires associated with social needs • Stages – – – – 1 –trust versus mistrust (early infancy) 2 –autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 -3) 3 –initiative versus guilt (3 -6) 4 –industry versus inferiority (6 -12) 5 –identity versus role confusion (early teens) 6 –intimacy versus isolation (young adult) 7 –generality versus stagnation (middle adult) 8 –ego integrity versus despair (older adult) (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 11

Cognitive-Development Approach • Games and Play – Role taking: children’s play that involves assuming

Cognitive-Development Approach • Games and Play – Role taking: children’s play that involves assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to experience different points of view • • Teacher Storekeeper Ninja Parent – So how do these prepare the child for later life? (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 12

Moral Development • Moral reasoning: deciding what is right or wrong – The dying

Moral Development • Moral reasoning: deciding what is right or wrong – The dying wife and the robbery • What is a moral dilemma? – Stealing a loaf of bread for a hungry child • Is that a moral dilemma? – Examples • Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development – Pre-conventional • Obedience and punishment • Instrumental relativist – Conventional • Good/bad • Law and order – Post-Conventional • Social contract • Universal ethics principle (c) 2007 brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 13

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