Chapter 3 Historical Perspectives of Education Foundations of

Changes in Schools since WW II n Almost doubling enrollment n Need for more

Curricular shifts n Progressive Education Report (1942) n Multiple publications, Aims of education n

Growth of Special Education n Traditionally, schools had no special ed. programs Education for

Federal Gov’t Involvement n n n Increasing involvement through legislation since 1940 s Vocational

Professionalizing Teaching n n Formal teacher training fairly recent phenomenon Late 1800 s -

Recent trends in schooling n n Roman Catholic enrollment decline Increasing enrollment in non-Catholic

Evolution of Testing n James Conant, SAT as predictor of college success n Creation

Views on aims of education n n n Education to save souls during colonial

Preparing teachers to teach n n n n Colonial teachers had little to no

Other recent trends n n U. S. educational system highly scrutinized Widespread efforts to

Effective Teaching n Strong leaders who direct classroom activities n Maximize instructional time n

Effective Teaching (continued) n Focus on one point at a time n Pre-assess and

Study of the Learning Process n n Lev. Vygotsky, social development theory Robert Havighurst,

Contemporary Perspectives n n Plethora of critics on low U. S. educational standards Significant

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Changes in Schools since WW II n Almost doubling enrollment n Need for more schools and classroom space n Increased demand for teachers, lower requirements n Consolidation of school districts n Increased busing n Higher expenditures, bigger budgets Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -2 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Curricular shifts n Progressive Education Report (1942) n Multiple publications, Aims of education n n Sputnik, NDEA and widespread curricular changes Curriculum today broader and more inclusive Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -3 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growth of Special Education n Traditionally, schools had no special ed. programs Education for Handicapped Children Act (1975) States and colleges developed special ed. programs Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -4 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Federal Gov’t Involvement n n n Increasing involvement through legislation since 1940 s Vocational Education for National Defense Act Lanham Act and community facilities G. I. Bill and education for Veterans National Science Foundation, NDEA, and other initiatives Increased federal funding meant increased control Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -5 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Professionalizing Teaching n n Formal teacher training fairly recent phenomenon Late 1800 s - early 1900 s, Teacher-training formalized States had certification requirements by mid-20 th century All facets of education have become professionalized Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -6 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Recent trends in schooling n n Roman Catholic enrollment decline Increasing enrollment in non-Catholic private schools n Home schooling on the rise n Proliferation of adult education options Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -7 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Evolution of Testing n James Conant, SAT as predictor of college success n Creation of the Education Testing Service (ETS) n Pressure to improve assessments n Most states today require standardize test Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -8 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Views on aims of education n n n Education to save souls during colonial period Committee of Ten recommendations (1892) Seven Cardinal Principles for secondary education Progressive Education Association Eight-year study NEA, Purposes of Education in American Democracy NEA, Education for All American Youth Education Policies Commission releases aims (1952) Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -9 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Preparing teachers to teach n n n n Colonial teachers had little to no training Apprenticeship model, first form of teacher training Indentured servants often used as teachers Benjamin Franklin, Academy and teacher training. Normal school, first teacher-training institute (1823) Establishment of state teachers’ colleges University teacher programs around 1900 Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -10 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Other recent trends n n U. S. educational system highly scrutinized Widespread efforts to improve education since late 1940 s New models for organizing education developed Analysis of teaching movement Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -11 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Effective Teaching n Strong leaders who direct classroom activities n Maximize instructional time n Deliver lessons in clear, business-like fashion n Use structured, well-organized lessons n Break topics into smaller components Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -12 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Effective Teaching (continued) n Focus on one point at a time n Pre-assess and check for prerequisite skills n Use probing questions, offer detailed explanations n Provide corrective feedback n Use prompts and cues to support student learning Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -13 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Study of the Learning Process n n Lev. Vygotsky, social development theory Robert Havighurst, mastery of developmental tasks n Piaget, developmental theory n Jerome Bruner, theory of cognitive growth n n Benjamin Bloom, factors that influence learning B. F. Skinner, behavioral theory of learning. Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -14 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Contemporary Perspectives n n Plethora of critics on low U. S. educational standards Significant shift in perspectives on education Varying views on significance of educational events Educational questions should be viewed through historical lens. Foundations of of American Education, Foundations American Education, 15 e Johnson, et al Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall 3 -15 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.