Chapter 3 Graphical and Numerical Summaries of Categorical

Chapter 3 Graphical and Numerical Summaries of Categorical Data n n n UNIT OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of this unit you should be able to: 1) Construct graphs that appropriately describe data 2) Calculate and interpret numerical summaries of a data set. 3) Combine numerical methods with graphical methods to analyze a data set.

Displaying Qualitative Data “Sometimes you can see a lot just by looking. ” Yogi Berra Hall of Fame Catcher, NY Yankees

The three rules of data analysis won’t be difficult to remember n n n 1. Make a picture —reveals aspects not obvious in the raw data; enables you to think clearly about the patterns and relationships that may be hiding in your data. 2. Make a picture —to show important features of and patterns in the data. You may also see things that you did not expect: the extraordinary (possibly wrong) data values or unexpected patterns 3. Make a picture —the best way to tell others about your data is with a well-chosen picture.

Bar Charts: show counts or relative frequency for each category n Example: Titanic passenger/crew distribution

Pie Charts: shows proportions of the whole in each category n Example: Titanic passenger/crew distribution

Example: Top 10 causes of death in the United States 2001 Rank Causes of death Counts % of top 10 s % of total deaths 1 Heart disease 700, 142 37% 28% 2 Cancer 553, 768 29% 22% 3 Cerebrovascular 163, 538 9% 6% 4 Chronic respiratory 123, 013 6% 5% 5 Accidents 101, 537 5% 4% 6 Diabetes mellitus 71, 372 4% 3% 7 Flu and pneumonia 62, 034 3% 2% 8 Alzheimer’s disease 53, 852 3% 2% 9 Kidney disorders 39, 480 2% 2% 32, 238 2% 1% 10 Septicemia All other causes 629, 967 25% For each individual who died in the United States in 2001, we record what was the cause of death. The table above is a summary of that information.

Top 10 causes of death: bar graph Each category is represented by one bar. The bar’s height shows the count (or sometimes the percentage) for that particular category. Top 10 causes of deaths in the United States 2001 The number of individuals who died of an accident in 2001 is approximately 100, 000.

Top 10 causes of deaths in the United States 2001 Bar graph sorted by rank Easy to analyze Sorted alphabetically Much less useful

Top 10 causes of death: pie chart Each slice represents a piece of one whole. The size of a slice depends on what percent of the whole this category represents. Percent of people dying from top 10 causes of death in the United States in 2001

Make sure your labels match the data. Make sure all percents add up to 100. Percent of deaths from top 10 causes Percent of deaths from all causes

Child poverty before and after government intervention—UNICEF, 1996 What does this chart tell you? • The United States has the highest rate of child poverty among developed nations (22% of under 18). • Its government does the least—through taxes and subsidies—to remedy the problem (size of orange bars and percent difference between orange/blue bars). Could you transform this bar graph to fit in 1 pie chart? In two pie charts? Why? The poverty line is defined as 50% of national median income.

Contingency Tables: Categories for Two Variables n Example: Survival and class on the Titanic Marginal distributions marg. dist. of survival 710/2201 32. 3% 1491/2201 67. 7% 885/2201 marg. dist. 40. 2% of class 325/2201 14. 8% 285/2201 12. 9% 706/2201 32. 1%

Marginal distribution of class. Bar chart.

Marginal distribution of class: Pie chart

Contingency Tables: Categories for Two Variables (cont. ) n Conditional distributions. Given the class of a passenger, what is the chance the passenger survived?

Conditional distributions: segmented bar chart

Contingency Tables: Categories for Two Variables (cont. ) Questions: n What fraction of survivors were in first class? n What fraction of passengers were in first class and survivors ? n What fraction of the first class passengers survived? 202/710 202/2201 202/325

3 -Way Tables n Example: Georgia death-sentence data

UC Berkeley Lawsuit

LAWSUIT (cont. )

Simpson’s Paradox n The reversal of the direction of a comparison or association when data from several groups are combined to form a single group.

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American West Wins! You’re a Hero!

End of Chapter 3