Chapter 3 Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology External
- Slides: 53
Chapter 3 Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
External Sex Organs Vulva/Pudendum – entire female region of external sex organs • Mons Veneris – Protective, fatty cushion over the pubic bone – Covered with pubic hair • Labia Majora – Outer lips; – Tissue folds from mons to perineum surrounding the rest of the female genitals – Engorge with blood if excited
The external genital structures of the mature female.
External Sex Organs • Labia Minora – Inner lips; pink tissue folds between vestibule and labia majora – No hair; many oil glands; – Darken if sexually aroused • Clitoris – Small cylindrical erectile tissue beneath the prepuce – Rich in blood supply and nerve endings; – Solely to provide sexual pleasure, primarily via indirect stimulation
The external genital structures of the mature female.
The Underlying Structures of the Vulva
External Sex Organs • Vestibule – Region between the labia minora – Urethral and vaginal openings, Bartholin’s glands ducts • Urethral Meatus – Between clitoris and vagina • Perineum – Between anus and vagina
Internal Sex Organs • Vagina – 4 inch, thin-walled accordion-like tube from the introitus to the cervix, tilted back; – Organ of intercourse and canal for menses and babies; – Lubricant secreted from vaginal wall openings when engorged; – First 1/3 contains many nerve endings, – Inner 2/3 has little nerves – 3 layers: mucous, muscle, fibrous
Internal Sex Organs • Vaginal Lubrication – Lubrication changes vaginal p. H (↑alkaline) and increases pleasure – Vasocongestion – Engorgement of blood vessels • Grafenberg Spot (G-spot) – dime to quarter sized spot in the lower third of anterior vaginal wall (2 -3 inches up), just past the pubic bone – Sensitive area – Counterpart to the prostate gland
Internal Sex Organs • Cervix – – At bottom of the uterus; – Doughnut-shaped – Secretes mucus to help or impede sperm, depending on the monthly cycle – Os - opening leading into the uterus
The female internal reproductive system (side view).
Internal Sex Organs • Uterus – 1 -inch thick walls, hollow, muscular organ between the bladder and rectum; protects fetus, contractions to expel menses and fetus; 3 inches long, 2 inches wide – 3 uterine wall layers: • Perimetrium • Myometrium • Endometrium
Internal Sex Organs • Fallopian Tubes (oviducts) – two 4 -inch long trumpet shaped tubes that extend from the sides of the uterus and curve up to and around the ovaries – Ampulla – typical site of fertilization – Infundibulum – has fimbriae surrounding the ovaries to collect an egg upon release • Ovaries – form of an almond shell; contain 250, 000 ova each; produce estrogen. – (At birth, females have up to 400, 000 immature follicles. )
The female internal reproductive system (front view).
Breasts • Breasts (mammary glands) – modified sweat glands that produce milk; fatty tissue, 15 to 20 lobes, and milk-producing glands (alveoli) Nipple, areola – Sucking stimulates pituitary gland to release prolactin (begin milk synthesis) and oxytocin (release of milk)
The Female Maturation Cycle Female Puberty Menstruation Menopause
Female Puberty • Begins anywhere from 8 to 17 years of age • Earlier onset of menstruation may be due to being overweight; can vary with race • Puberty lasts about 3 to 5 years • Begins when pituitary gland initiates release of FSH and LH, which increases the ovaries production of estrogen • Increased size of Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts, buttocks, thighs
Female Puberty • Pelvis widens • Pubic hair grows • During puberty (usually 11 or 12 years), ovulation commences • Menarche occurs during this time as well, although it may be a few months before or after ovulation begins
Menstruation • Menstruation – uterine lining is shed if no pregnancy; tissue and blood exit the introitus • Menstrual cycle – lasts about 24 to 35 days, average is 28 days. • Menstrual cycle has four phases: – Menstrual phase – Follicular phase – Ovulation phase – Luteal phase
Menstrual Cycle 1 5 14 1. Menstrual phase – Days 1 -5 2. Follicular phase – Days 6 -13 3. Ovulation phase – Day 14 4. Luteal phase – Days 15 -28 28
Menstruation • Menstrual phase – Endometrial buildup is expelled through uterine contractions for 3 -7 days; – Volume of menses is about 2 -4 tablespoons of fluid
Menstruation: Menstrual Cycle • Follicular (Proliferative) phase – begins after menstruation ends; lasts 6 -13 days; ovarian follicles begin to ripen; estrogen promotes development of endometrium to 2 -5 millimeters thick • Ovulation phase – around day 14, an ovum is released due to FSH and LH that have ripened primary follicles; one follicle matures completely (secondary follicle) and ruptures, releasing the egg to be caught by the fimbriae
Menstruation: Menstrual Cycle • Luteal phase – – Corpus luteum forms on the ovary where the secondary follicle ruptured; it secretes progesterone and estrogen for 10 -12 days to further develop the endometrium to 4 -6 millimeters thick; – Without fertilization, the progesterone and estrogen levels signal to the hypothalamus to decrease LH and the corpus luteum deteriorates and estrogen and progesterone drop significantly
Changes During the Menstrual Cycle
The cycle of female hormones.
Fertilization 1 • Egg 5 14 28 is viable for 24 hours • Sperm is viable for 3 to 5 days Pregnancy can occur if intercourse occurs from… day 9 to 15 if ovulation occurs on day 14 day 7 to 17 could be unsafe
Variations in Menstruation • Menstrual Synchrony / Pheromones – Women’s cycles synchronize – Women may be influenced by men • Sexual Desire – Some studies have shown • • An increase of desire and fantasies. More attentive to “maleness” features. Men are more attracted to ovulating women. Smell increased testosterone.
Variations in Menstruation • Amenorrhea – absence of menstruation – Primary amenorrhea – never begins menstruation; physical, health, emotional causes – Secondary amenorrhea – menses cease before reaching menopause; pregnancy, lifestyle, emotional, physical causes • Menorrhagia – excessive menses; oral contraceptives can help control
Variations in Menstruation • Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) – Bleeding for long periods, or intermittent bleeding; hormonal, lifestyle, physical causes • Menorrhagia – Excessive menses; oral contraceptives can help control it. – 9 -15% experience heavy bleeding. 5% seek help. – Age, Endometriosis, etc.
Variations in Menstruation • Dysmenorrhea – Painful menstruation; 72% of women have pain, 15% enough to disrupt activities. – Primary – No known abnormalities – Secondary – Pelvic abnormalities, like Endometriosis or PID. – Often related to an overproduction of Prostoglandins.
Variations in Menstruation • Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – Physical or emotional symptoms that occur during the last few weeks of the menstrual cycle • Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) – – Depression, anxiety, stress, irritability; medication (SSRIs) and lifestyle changes provide relief
Menstrual Manipulation and Suppression • Women can experience up to 450 periods. • Ways to stem growth of the endometrium: – Continuous birth control pills • Seasonale and Seasonique – 84 days • Sybrel – a year or longer. – Progesterone intrauterine devices – Injections • Recommended for Military or Athletes, now a lifestyle choice. • No medical basis to avoid sex during a period.
The Instead Softcup can be used during a woman’s period to make sexual activity less messy.
Menopause • A woman’s final menstrual period • Climacteric – period of decreased estrogen production and menstruation stops; 40 -58 years, average 51 years • Typically have irregular cycles, rather than a sudden stop • Sexual glands decrease in size • Secondary sex characteristics change
Menopause • Hormonal changes – hot flashes, headaches, sleep disturbances • Sexual complaints • Menopause can be induced by surgically removing the ovaries; doctors try to keep at least one in if surgery is necessary
Menopause • Hormone replacement therapy – was a standard treatment, but there a lot of health risks and not typically used today • Nutritional, vitamin, and herbal remedies are commonly used today
Female Reproductive and Sexual Health Gynecological Health Concerns Cancer of the Female Reproductive Organs
Female Reproductive and Sexual Health • Genital self-exams are recommended for women to be familiar with their genitals and any possible abnormalities • Routine gynecological examinations recommended once menstruating – Medical history and checkup – Pelvic examination (internal and external) – Breast examination – Pap smear – cervical swab
Gynecological Health Concerns • Most prevalent: – Endometriosis – Toxic Shock Syndrome – Uterine Fibroids – Vulvodynia – Vaginal Infections
Endometriosis • Endometrial cells deposit outside of the uterus • Will engorge/weaken with the menstrual cycle • Symptoms: painful periods, lower abdominal or pelvic pain, pain on defecation, pain during intercourse • Typically childless women between 25 and 40 • Cause is unknown • Treatment: hormones, surgery, laser therapy
Toxic Shock Syndrome • Caused by prolonged use of a single tampon which creates a buildup and subsequent infection of bacteria • Symptoms: fever, diarrhea, vomiting, sore throat, muscle ache, rash, • May cause: dizziness, respiratory distress, kidney failure, heart failure, death • Avoid by changing tampons regularly, using less absorbent tampons, using sanitary pads
Uterine Fibroids • Hard tissue masses in the uterus; size range • Affect 20 -40% (maybe 77%) of women over 35 years • Symptoms: pelvic pain and pressure, heavy cramping, heavy or prolonged bleeding, constipation, frequent urination, painful sex • Treatment: hormones, drugs, laser therapy, surgery, cryotherapy
Vulvodynia • Chronic pain and soreness of the vulva • Symptoms: vaginal burning, itching, rawness, stinging, stabbing of vagina/vulva • The pain may be intermittent or constant • Cause is unknown • Treatment: biofeedback, drugs, dietary changes, nerve blocks, surgery, pelvic floor muscle strengthening
Infections • Non-sexually transmitted infections can occur – Bartholin’s glands – Urinary tract • May be due to poor hygiene practices and/or frequent intercourse • Treated by draining infected gland (if necessary) and use of antibiotics • Douches change the vaginal p. H level and can increase risk of infection
Cancer Associated with Female Reproductive Organs Breast Uterine Cervical Endometrial Ovarian
Breast Cancer • Worldwide, the most common cancer • One in 7 American women will develop it • Risk factors: fat intake, aging, early menarche, prolonged estrogen, inactive lifestyle, alcohol consumption, genetics • Breastfeeding, early pregnancy reduces risk • Early detection is critical: breast selfexaminations, gynecological checkups, mammography
Breast exam (in Feature box)
Breast Cancer • Symptoms: breast lump, breast pain, nipple discharge, puckering of skin, change in nipple shape • If untreated, the cancer will spread to other parts of the body • Treatment: partial/modified mastectomy, radical mastectomy, lumpectomy, radiation, chemotherapy
Cervical Cancer • 1 in 130 American women • Pap smear is used for detection; should be screened every year by 21 years of age • High cure rates • Risk factors: early intercourse, many sexual partners, teenage mothers, cervicitis, genital viral infections, extended oral contraceptive use • Treatment: surgery, radiation, hysterectomy
Endometrial Cancer • Symptoms: abnormal bleeding, spotting • Detection most successful with dilation and curettage • Treatment: surgery, radiation, hormones, chemotherapy • Over 90% survival rate • Oral contraceptives decrease risk
Ovarian Cancer • Less common than breast, uterine cancers • Most deadly • Symptoms: few early signs, ovarian cyst, slight abdominal discomfort, appetite loss, indigestion, abdominal swelling, nausea, vomiting • Risk factors: childlessness, early menopause, highfat diet, higher SES, lactose-intolerant, use talc powder on the vulva
Ovarian Cancer • Decreased risk with having children and using birth control pills, tubal ligation • Detection techniques: blood tests, pelvic exams, ultrasound • Unfortunately, most diagnosed after cancer has spread beyond the ovary because of the lack of early warning signs • Treatment: remove ovaries, radiation, chemotherapy
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