Chapter 3 Cells Learning Objectives lymphocyte qwhat is
Chapter 3: Cells Learning Objectives lymphocyte qwhat is a cell ? q. Know the two general types of cells q. Describe endosymbiosis theory q. Describe nine organelles in eukaryotic cells. q. Differences Yeast cell The smallest part of you animal cells between plant and
The cell: the smallest unit of life that can function independently and perform all functions of life, including reproducing. q. Robert q. All Hooke, a British scientist, mid-1600 s cells contain DNA. q. The only cell which does not contain DNA: ___ q. So for all practical purposes the statement “all cells contain DNA” is true
How to see a cell? Paramecium Light Microscope Light Micrograph Transmission Electron Micrograph Scanning Electron Micrograph
How to See a Cell Largest Cell: _____
Cell Theory 1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells. 2. All cells arise from other pre-existing cells.
Two types of cells Prokaryotic cell Size Nucleus Organelles Eukaryotic cell
What do all these cells have in common? 1. have cell membrane 2. have DNA 3. have cytoplasm 4. contain ribosomes
Prokaryotes in the News Escherichia coli Food poisoning Salmonella enteritidis Rod shaped, gram negative
Current News: Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria MRSA: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus National Institute of Health (NIH) Superbug: CRK Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella
Beneficial bacteria Use a bacterial cell for inserting a foreign gene into a cell
Which of the following is NOT found in ALL cell types? A. B. C. D. E. Ribosomes Mitochondria DNA Cytoplasm Cell Membrane
3. 3 Eukaryotic cells have compartments with specialized functions called organelles
THE ANIMAL CELL: BASIC STRUCTURE THE PLANT CELL: BASIC STRUCTURES FOUND IN BOTH CELLS Nucleus Plasma membrane Ribosomes Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus Lysosome STRUCTURE NOT FOUND IN PLANT CELLS Centriole STRUCTURES NOT FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS Chloroplast Cell wall Vacuole (occasionally found in animal cells)
Endosymbiosis Theory q Explains the q presence of chloroplasts in plants and algae, and q Presence of mitochondria in plants and animals. http: //www. sumanasinc. com/webcontent/a nimations/content/organelles. html
ENDOSYMBIOSIS ANCESTRAL EUKARYOTE ANCESTRAL PROKARYOTE proficient at converting food and oxygen into energy INVAGINATION ANCESTRAL EUKARYOTE DNA Plasma membrane 1 Plasma membrane folds in on itself. Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum 2 Inner compartments (organelles) are formed. 1 Ancestral eukaryote engulfs prokaryote. 2 Ancestral eukaryote And prokaryote merge. Mitochondrion 3 Over time, the engulfed prokaryote evolves into an organelle, such as a mitochondrion or a chloroplast. may have developed Organelles by endosymbiosis or invagination or a combination of the two.
3. 13 The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center. q The nucleus—the largest and most prominent organelle in most eukaryotic cells. q The nucleus has two primary functions: • genetic control center • storehouse for hereditary information
Did you know that we all have more DNA from one parent than the other? Who is the bigger contributor: mom or dad? Why?
Lysosomes round, membrane-enclosed, acid-filled vesicles that function as garbage disposals
Lysosomal Diseases Tay Sach’s Disease: Undigested lipids (affects nerve cells) Pompe’s disease: Undigested glycogen (muscle cells)
3. 18 In the Endoplasmic reticulum, cells build proteins and disarm toxins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum modifies proteins
The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Lipid synthesis, detoxification
Prokaryotic cells are ______ than eukaryotic cells A. B. C. D. E. Structurally simpler Functionally simpler More ancient Both A and B Both A and C
A student is examining different samples with a microscope. She discovers a single-celled organism swimming in a freshwater pond sample (shown here). What type of cell is this? A. Prokaryotic B. Eukaryotic C. Animal cell D. Bacterial cell
Waste accumulates in cells due to an abnormal ____ A. Mitochondria B. Lysosome C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum D. Golgi bodies
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM AT WORK 1 Transport vesicle buds Smooth ER Rough ER from the smooth or rough ER. 2 Transport vesicle fuses with Golgi apparatus, dumping contents inside. 3 Golgi apparatus modifies the molecules as they move through its successive chambers. 4 Modified molecules bud off from the Golgi apparatus as a Transport vesicle Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Transport vesicle 5 Vesicle fuses with the plasmamembrane, dumping contents outside the cell for delivery elsewhere in the organism.
The cell wall provides additional protection and support for plant cells
Vacuoles: multipurpose storage sacs for plant cells 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Functions of vacuole Nutrient storage Waste management Predator deterrence Physical support Sexual reproduction
3. 21 Chloroplasts: the plant cell’s power plant q. Chloroplasts resemble photosynthetic bacteria. q Have Circular DNA q. Dual outer membrane
Which of the following does NOT contain DNA? A. B. C. D. Ribosomes Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts
Cytoskeleton
Cilia and Flagellum
Cytoskeleton is present ___, while mitochondria is present __ A. Only in animals; only in plants B. Only in plants; only in animals C. In both animals and plants; in both animals and plants D. Only in animals ; in both animals and plants
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