Chapter 3 Cells 2017 Cengage 2017 Learning Cengage

Chapter 3 Cells © 2017 Cengage © 2017 Learning. Cengage All. Learning. Rights Reserved. All Rights. May Reserved. not be scanned, May not be copied scanned, copied or duplicated, or or duplicated, posted toor a publicly posted to accessible a publiclywebsite, accessible in whole website, or in in part. whole or in part.

Cells • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things • Cell or plasma membrane • Nucleus © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Nucleus • Most important organelle within the cell • Function – Control the activities of the cell and facilitate cell division • DNA and chromatin • Chromosomes © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Functions of Organelles (1 of 7) • Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope – Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell • Nucleoplasm – A clear, semi-liquid medium that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Functions of Organelles (2 of 7) • Nucleolus – Reservoir for RNA • Ribosomes – Serve as site for protein synthesis © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Functions of Organelles (3 of 7) • Cytoplasm – Provides an organized watery environment where life functions take place via the activities of the organelles, which reside there • Centrosome – Contains two centrioles that are functional during animal cell division © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Functions of Organelles (4 of 7) • Endoplasmic reticulum – Provides passage for the transport of substances in the cytoplasm • Mitochondria – Serve as sites of cellular respiration and energy production – Store ATP © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Functions of Organelles (5 of 7) • Golgi apparatus – Manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for discharge from the cell • Lysosomes – Serve as center for cellular digestion © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Functions of Organelles (6 of 7) • Perioxisomes – Enzymes that oxidize cell substances • Cytoskeleton – Forms internal framework © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Functions of Organelles (7 of 7) • Pinocytic vesicles – Provide mechanism by which large molecules can enter the cell • Cilia and flagella – Create movement © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cellular Metabolism • Chemical reactions occur within the cells • Energy supplied by ATP • ATP created from CHO, proteins, and fats that we eat © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cell Division • Meiosis – Involves reproduction • Mitosis – Involves growth and maintenance of cells © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Meiosis • Process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete • Ovum and spermatozoa reduce chromosomes from 46 to 23 • Fertilization • Zygote is formed from two sex cells to obtain full set of 46 chromosomes © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Mitosis • Cell division – Division of the nucleus – Division of the cytoplasm © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Mitosis Stages (1 of 2) • Phase I – Interphase (resting stage) • Phase II – Prophase • Phase III – Metaphase © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Mitosis Stages (2 of 2) • Phase IV – Anaphase • Phase V – Telophase • Cycle back to interphase © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cell Death • Necrosis • Apoptosis © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stem Cells • • Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells Umbilical cord blood stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cells © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Protein Synthesis • Cells produce proteins • DNA • RNA © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Movement of Materials Across Cell Membranes • Passive transport – Does not require an energy source • Active transport – Requires an energy source © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Passive Transport • Diffusion • Osmosis • Filtration © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Active Transport • Phagocytosis • Pinocytosis © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Figure 3 -9 The active transport of molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration, according to one theoretical model. Active transport is the transportation of materials against a concentration gradient or in opposition to other factors that would normally keep the materials from entering the cell. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Specialization • Nerve cells – Specialize in response • Red blood cells – Specialize in oxygen transport • May lose some functions, such as reproduction • Interdependence among cells © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Aging (1 of 2) • Aging is a phase of normal development • Older person may have 30% fewer cells • Cells may change in ability to perform specialized tasks © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Aging (2 of 2) • Physiologic changes are universal and progressive • Aging is not a disease © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Disorders of Cell Structure (1 of 2) • Atrophy • Hyperplasia © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Disorders of Cell Structure (2 of 2) • Metaplasia • Dysplasia • Neoplasia © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Tumor • When cell division does not occur in the usual pattern • Also called neoplasms • Benign tumors • Malignant tumors © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.