CHAPTER 3 Biology and Behavior Question What major

CHAPTER 3 Biology and Behavior Question: What major areas do biological psychologists study?

CHAPTER 3 Biology and Behavior Nervous System Endocrine System Major Areas of Study for Biological Psychologists Environment Heredity

PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Chapter 3 BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR Section 1: The Nervous System Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center Section 3: The Endocrine System Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Essential Questions: How are messages transmitted by neurons, and what are the functions of the peripheral nervous system? 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE What does the nervous system do? n Involved in thinking, dreaming, feeling, and moving. n Regulates internal functions. n Affects how we react to the external world. n When we learn a new behavior or acquire new information, the nervous system registers the experience and changes to accommodate it. 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE There are two main parts to the nervous system… n Central nervous system. n Brain and spinal cord. n Peripheral nervous system. n Nerve cells that send messages between the CNS and the rest of the body. 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Neurons (nerve cells) n 100 billion. n Send and receive messages. n Neurons are involved in everything… n Sensation of a pinprick, first steps, writing a poem, past memory… 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE What are the components of a neuron? 1. Cell body – produces energy. 2. Dendrites – receive information. 3. Axon – send information. n Neurons have many dendrites, but only one axon, ranging in length from fractions of an inch to several feet. 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE The Axon n Covered in a myelin sheath, a white fatty substance that insulates and protects it. n Axon terminals branch out from the end of the axon to the synapse – a junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron. 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE How are messages transmitted from one neuron to another? n Messages are sent from the axon terminals of 10 one neuron to the dendrites of other neurons n Messages travel in one direction and are received by the dendrites and travel through the cell body and the axon to the axon terminals n From there messages cross synapses to the dendrites of other neurons HOLT, RINEHART WINSTON AND

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System 11 PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Neurotransmitters – Chemical Messengers n Messages are sent across synapses via neurotransmitters – chemicals stored in sacs in the axon terminals. 12 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Neurotransmitters – Chemical Messengers n Dozens of types… n Acetylcholine – control of muscles. n Too little impairs memories. n Dopamine – motor behavior. n Too little causes Parkinson’s. n Too little contributes to Schizophrenia. n Noradrenaline – prepares the body for action. n Serotonin – emotional arousal and sleep. 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE The Central Nervous System n Brain and spinal cord – transmit messages and control reflexes. 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE The Peripheral Nervous System n Transmits messages between the CNS and the rest of the body. n Somatic Nervous System n Transmits sensory messages – touch, pain, changes in temperature, body position, etc. n Automatic Nervous System (2 divisions) n Regulates involuntary body functions – vital functions, heartbeat, breathing, digestions, blood pressure, etc. 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE The Autonomic Nervous System n Two main divisions… 1. Sympathetic – activated when a person is going into action (fight or flight). n Suppresses digestion, increases heart and respiration rates, elevates blood pressure. 2. Parasympathetic – restores normal functions after an action has occurred. 16 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Review Question: How are messages transmitted by neurons, and what are the functions of the peripheral nervous system? MESSAGE TRANSMISSION VIA NEURONS n Messages are sent from the axon terminals of one neuron to the dendrites of other neurons n Messages travel in one direction and are received by the dendrites and travel through the cell body and the axon to the axon terminals n From there messages cross synapses to the dendrites of other neurons 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 1: The Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Review Question: How are messages transmitted by neurons, and what are the functions of the peripheral nervous system? FUNCTIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM n Responsible for transmitting messages between the central nervous system and all part of the body and is made up of the somatic and autonomic nervous system n The somatic nervous system transmits sensory messages to the central nervous system n The autonomic nervous system regulates the body’s vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Essential Question: What are the major structures of the brain, and what is the function of each structure? 19 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE What’s really happening up there? n Thought! n Ancient civilizations believed that we were exactly like animals, except our ability to feel, think creatively, analyze things, etc. could not be explain biologically. The body was inhabited by souls or demons. n Our language still reflects this… “deep in one’s heart, ” “to know something by heart, ” “to have a change of heart. ” n We now know that this is happening in the brain – biological processes and psychological phenomena are linked. 20 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 3 Parts of the Brain 1. Hindbrain – vital functions. 2. Midbrain – vision and hearing. 3. Forebrain – complex functions like thought and emotion. 21 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE The Hindbrain – vital functions. n Medulla – vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. n Pons – regulates body movement, attention, sleep, and alertness. n Cerebellum – balance and coordination. 22 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE The Midbrain – vision and hearing. Reticular Activating System n Runs from the hindbrain, through the midbrain, into the forebrain. n Important for attention, sleep, and emotional arousal. n Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and brain activity. n Some drugs, like alcohol, reduce the activity of this system. 23 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE The Forebrain – complex functions. n Thalamus – transmits/relays sensory information. n Hypothalamus – regulates body temperature, stores 24 nutrients, controls emotions and behavior, hunger, thirst, sex drive, caring for offspring, aggression, etc. n Limbic system – learning and memory, hunger, sex drive, aggression. n Cerebrum – 70% of the brain. Cerebral cortex covers it. Handles memory, language, emotions, complex motor functions, perception, etc. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE The Cerebral Cortex – What Makes Us Unique n Two sides, left and right, connected by the corpus callosum. n Information received by one side of the body is transmitted to the opposite side of the brain. n Separated into four lobes – some are independent, some require interaction for certain actions. n Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. 25 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE The Cerebral Cortex – What Makes Us Unique 26 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Senses and Motor Behavior n Occipital lobe – visual. n Temporal lobe – hearing. n Parietal lobe – warmth, cold, touch, and pain. n Frontal lobe – movement. 27 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Association Areas n These areas that shape information into something meaningful. n Ex. – some neurons fire for horizontal lines, others fire for vertical. n Frontal lobe – brain’s “executive center, ” where problem solving and making decisions occurs as well as retrieving memories. Does not fully develop until around age 25. 28 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Language Abilities n Right-handed people – language functions are in the left hemisphere. n Left-handed people – 1/3 in the right hemisphere. 29 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Language Abilities n Broca’s area – frontal lobe near the motor cortex, damage causes slow, laborious speech, simple sentences. n Wernicke’s area – sound and sight, damage causes meaningless, disassociated speech. n “Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she’s looking the two boys looking the other part. She’s working another time” (Geschwind, 1979). n Description of a picture of two boys stealing cookies behind a 30 woman’s back. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Left vs. Right Hemispheres 31 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Methods of Studying the Brain n Accidents – measure memory loss and function. n Electrical Stimulation – triggers behaviors. n Electroencephalogram (EEG) – measures activity in areas. n Scans – measures activity in certain areas, similar to EEG. 32 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Essential Question: What are the major structures of the brain, and what is the function of each structure? MAJOR STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN n Hindbrain – lower part of the brain involved in many vital functions such as heart rate, respiration and balance n Midbrain – includes areas that are involved in vision and hearing n Forebrain – front area of the brain involved in complex functions such as thought and emotion 33 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 3: The Endocrine System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands of the endocrine system affect the body? 34 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 3: The Endocrine System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE n Endocrine system – glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. n Hormones – stimulate growth, behavior, emotional reactions, mood, etc. n Hormones have specific receptor sites throughout the body and are produced by 4 glands… 35 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 3: The Endocrine System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands of the endocrine system affect the body? HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY 1. Pituitary Gland – responsible for the secretion of many different hormones that affect various aspects of behavior such as the growth hormone n n “Master gland” – regulates muscle, bone, and gland growth Growth hormone can be stimulated via injection n n Prolactin – milk production Oxytocin – stimulates labor n 36 Linked to maternal care for young in some mammals HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 3: The Endocrine System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands of the endocrine system affect the body? HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY 2. Thyroid Gland – produces thyroxin which affects the body’s metabolism n Too little – hypothyroidism n n n Too much – hyperthyroidism n 37 Overweight Cretisnism – stunted growth and mental retardation Excitability, inability to sleep, and weight loss HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 3: The Endocrine System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands of the endocrine system affect the body? HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY 3. Adrenal Gland – the outer layer of the adrenal gland, or cortex, secretes cortical steroids which increase resistance to stress and promote muscle development n n n 38 “At the kidneys” Cause the liver to release stored energy Produces adrenaline and noradrenaline, released by the sympathetic nervous system, to arouse the body to deal with stressful situations HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 3: The Endocrine System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands of the endocrine system affect the body? HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY (continued) 4. Testes and Ovaries – produce the hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone that play an important role in development, development of primary and secondary sex characteristics and have psychological as well as biological effects n Testosterone – male sex hormone n n Estrogen and progesterone – female sex hormones n 39 Is a steroid, can be injected to enhance muscle mass, stress resistance, energy supply, sex drive, and self esteem Regulate cycles, PMS, optimal cognitive functioning, sex drive, feelings of wellbeing HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 3: The Endocrine System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands of the endocrine system affect the body? HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY n Pituitary Gland – responsible for the secretion of many different hormones that affect various aspects of behavior such as the growth hormone n Thyroid Gland – produces thyroxin which affects the body’s metabolism n Adrenal Gland – the outer layer of the adrenal gland, or cortex, secretes cortical steroids which increase resistance to stress and promote muscle development 40 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 3: The Endocrine System PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands of the endocrine system affect the body? HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY (continued) n Testes and Ovaries – produce the hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone that play an important role in development, development of primary and secondary sex characteristics and have psychological as well as biological effects 41 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in heredity, and how do psychologists study the role of heredity in determining traits? 42 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in heredity, and how do psychologists study the role of heredity in determining traits? n Heredity – transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring n Physical traits – height, hair texture, and eye color n Psychological traits – shyness, leadership ability, aggressiveness, and interests in arts and crafts n Keep in mind that environment also plays a role n Psychological disorders – anxiety and depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and alcoholism 43 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in heredity? ROLE OF CHROMOSOMES AND GENES IN HEREDITY n Genes are the basic building blocks of heredity and traits are determined by pairs of genes n Affect everything from blood type to intelligence n Most normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, which develop particular traits in an individual n One from the mother, one from the father n The 23 rd pair of chromosomes determines the male or female sex n Down syndrome – 47 th chromosome 44 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in heredity? NATURE-NURTURE n Nature – what people inherit n Nurture – what a person is exposed to in life n Most psychologists agree that both play a role, the extent of the role is highly controversial. 45 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How do psychologists study the role of heredity in determining traits? THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY Role of heredity in studies through various types of kinship research such as: A. Twin Studies – a useful way to learn about nature and nurture B. Adoptee Studies – provide ways of sorting out the effects of nature and nurture C. Twins Reared Apart – a way of finding out that twins reared apart share many of the same mannerisms despite their separation 46 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How do psychologists study the role of heredity in determining traits? THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY n. Twin studies n. Identical twins – share the same genetic makeup, differences must be the result of environment n. Fraternal twins – share 50 percent of genes, difference could be genetic or environmental n. Identical twins have high correlations in behaviors/emotions like shyness, irritability, sociability, happiness, as well as psychological disorders such as autism, substance dependence, and schizophrenia 47 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: How do psychologists study the role of heredity in determining traits? THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY n. Twins reared apart n. Less likely than twins reared together to share common experiences. Thus, similarities are probably due to genetics. n. Psychological and personality traits such as intelligence, traditionalism, risk avoidance, aggression, and leadership. n. Mannerism such as how one sits or stands, the number and types of jewelry that is worn. 48 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in heredity, and how do psychologists study the role of heredity in determining traits? ROLE OF CHROMOSOMES AND GENES IN HEREDITY n Genes are the basic building blocks of heredity and traits are determined by pairs of genes n Most normal human cells contain 46 hormones which develop particular traits in an individual n The 23 rd pair of chromosomes determines the male or female sex 49 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chapter 3 Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in heredity, and how do psychologists study the role of heredity in determining traits? THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY Role of heredity in studies through various types of kinship research such as: A. Twin Studies – a useful way to learn about nature and nurture B. Adoptee Studies – provide ways of sorting out the effects of nature and nurture C. Twins Reared Apart – a way of finding out that twins reared apart share many of the same mannerisms despite their separation 50 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON