Chapter 29 The World Between Wars Revolutions Depression

Chapter 29: The World Between Wars Revolutions, Depression, and Authoritarian Response

The Roaring Twenties o o o Period of stability and optimism Postwar inflation occurred as governments printed new money instead of raising taxes The United States’ and Japan’s economy and culture boomed in the 1920’s. o o o In US, art and science benefited from new ideas after the war. In US, new mass consumerism and popular culture was important (flappers; radio; films; jazz) Western Europe does not regain its position of global economic dominance. The United States entered a period of isolation after refusing to enter the League of Nations. 1919: Germany’s new democratic government (Weimar Republic) replaces the imperial government originally put in place. Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928: renounced the use of war and called for the peaceful settlement of disputes

The Global Great Depression (1929 -1933) o o WWI devastated European economies; Germany unable to make reparations payments Britain and France unable to repay war debts to US. Employment in key sectors (coal, iron, textiles) began to decline; less demand postwar. October 1929: The New York Stock Market crashed. Investors were building up high debt because of easy credit; when stock market crashed, people pulled their money; banks collapsed. International collapses o o Unemployment and lower wages n US, Germany, Britain, Latin Am. Western luxury purchases collapsed; hurt Japanese and Chinese economies. People stopped buying goods to save money, which hurt production levels and employment. Dust Bowl of 1930 s: period of severe dust storms and droughts in US prairies

FDR’s New Deal (1933 -1938) o o o Most governments tried to cut spending and many raised tariffs; worsened Depression. Governments saw an incapacitated parliamentary system or the overturning of parliamentary systems. o Turn to fascism Franklin D. Roosevelt offered “New Deal. ” o o Rapid government growth Offered more direct aid to Americans through increased unemployment benefits and jobs on public works projects Social Security created: provide protection in unemployment and old age Stimulates American economy and restored faith in gov.

Quick Review Question Describe the Roaring Twenties. 2. What event most directly causes the Global Great Depression? 3. FDR’s New Deal was focused on: _____. 1.

o Mexican Revolution (1910 -1920) President Porfirio Diaz (1876 -1910) encouraged economic growth; did not benefit peasants. o o o 1910: Rebellion occurred over election reform led by Francisco Madero. o o Land reform, financial reform, political reform, education Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata led rebellions that drove Diaz from power. o o Mexico was not self-sufficient, relying too much on foreign investments and exports. Essentially functioned as caudillos of their territories (Villa: north; Zapata: south Villa and Zapata fought over the nature of the new regime, while they each remained in control of their home territories. The Mexico Constitution of 1917 attempted to change social problems in Mexico. o Land reform and public education 1920 -1924: Alvaro Obrégon elected president; civil war ended. 1920 s and 30 s: The Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) developed.

Political Changes in Latin America o o o Limitations of liberalism became apparent as Corporatism rose o Aimed at curbing capitalism while avoiding Marxism by making the state a mediator that adjusted to the interests of different social groups. Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas (PRI) was a corporatist. o Distributed 40 million acres to peasants; communal farms created; created a state monopoly of oil; expanded rural education programs. Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas o Promised liberal reforms after the crash of Brazil’s coffee market in the 1929 Depression. o New constitution in 1937: imposed an authoritarian regime, limited immigration, and eliminated political opposition. o Brazil joined the Allies in WWII. o Becomes a corporatist government

o Communist Russia February Revolution of 1917: Russia saw strikes and rioting in St. Petersburg and tsar Nicholas II abdicated. o o Protested early industrialization set against incomplete rural reform, and an unresponsive political system Russia was ruled by a provisional government for eight months led by Alexander Kerensky. o Reforms were slow o o o The Council of People’s Commissars was created to govern Russia. Lenin shut down parliament and replaced it with the Congress of Soviets. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk led to early exit from WWI o July 16/17, 1918: Tsar Nicholas II and family executed by Bolsheviks October Revolution of 1917: Lenin and Communist party took over. 1918 -1922: Russian Civil War (tsarist generals vs. Communist Red Army [led by Leon Trotsky])

o o Lenin’s Russia (1917 -1924) Lenin’s initial plans to redistribute land to the peasantry and have the state take over basic industry led to agricultural and industrial decline. To solve this, Lenin instituted the New Economic Policy (NEP), which resulted in an increase of production. o o o Mixture of Communism and capitalism Small amounts of private land ownership and small businesses still allowed Food production increased 1923: Moscow became new capital. 1923: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was created after the creation of a new constitution. o o o In reality, an authoritarian system Supreme Soviet was created, and was elected by universal suffrage Provided public education

o o Stalinism (1924 -1953) 1924: Lenin died; Joseph Stalin now leader. Stalin represented staunch anti-Western, Russian tradition and Communism. Stalin wanted to make the USSR a fully industrial society under the control of the state. o o Terror tactics and labor camps Under Stalin, Russia fully industrializes Stalin’s economic policy: o 1928: Collectivization of agriculture (large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings); farmers share proceeds and give portion to gov. o o Kulaks (wealthy peasants) resist purges (expulsion of rivals) Five Year Plans: government constructed massive factories for mining, electrical power and metallurgy. o From 1927 -1937, Soviet output of machinery and metal products grew 14 -fold

Quick Review Question What is accomplished at the February Revolution? What does Lenin accomplish in the October Revolution? 2. What economic plan does Lenin use? What is it called? 3. What economic plan does Stalin use? What is it called? 1.

China’s May Fourth Movement (1919) o 1911: Sun Yat-sen (western-educated) headed the Revolutionary Alliance and was elected president in 1911. o o Sun Yat-sen resigned when warlord Yuan Shikai replaced him as president in 1912: Puyi, last Qing emperor, abdicated. 1919: At Treaty of Versailles, Japan was granted holdings in northern China; China upset they did not get that territory, as they were allies with Entente too. May 4, 1919: The May Fourth Movement o o o Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China Attempt to create a liberal democracy in China and institute liberal reforms Ineffective against powerful warlords

Seizure of Power by China’s Kuomintang o China’s Nationalist party (Kuomintang) was formed o o o Will be biggest rival for communism Organized by Sun Yat-sen and followers 1925: Yat-sen dies; led by Chiang Kai-shek o Superior, U. S. -supplied forces will also try to rid nation of warlords The Nationalists began creating alliances with key social groups in China. The Nationalists focused on political issues; ignored famine, disease, and domestic programs. Communist Party poses a threat. o o 1924: Nationalists form alliance with Chinese Communists, who serve as link to peasants and urban workers 1924: Whampoa Military Academy opened; led by Kai-shek.

o Marxist Alternatives in China Li Dazhao, Chinese intellectual, reworked Marxist ideology to fit China. o o o Li was convinced that China’s small urban working class was unable to carry out the revolution by itself. Because of these views, he disregarded or played down the doctrine of proletarian class struggle presented in Marxism-Leninism. Li altered Marx’s two-class system by extending it to a two-region system (bourgeoisie, oppressive West and proletariat China). Believed in social reform, an authoritarian state (to intervene constructively in people’s lives), and social welfare. 1921: Communist Party of China created. o o Young Mao Zedong a member. Li’s ideas formed the core of Mao’s thinking

o Mao Zedong and Civil War (1927 -1949) 1927: Kai-Shek turned against communists and attacked them in Shanghai; civil war breaks out. o o 1934: Mao Zedong spearheaded the Long March o o o Kai-shek captured areas in the Yangtze River valley, Shanghai, Beijing and Huanghe River valley. 90, 000 communists in the Chinese Red Army marched thousands of miles to escape Kuomintang. Used dilapidated wooden rifles— when armed at all—to defend against the Nationalists’ machine guns and foreignsupplied arsenal. During this trek, Mao solidified his position in the Communist Party leadership. Communists and Nationalists ally during WWII to fight Japanese invaders Civil war between Communists and Kuomintang ends in 1949 o o o Message of communism (land reform) gained support with peasants Kai-Shek and Kuomintang fled to Taiwan Mao proclaimed People’s Republic of China

Quick Review Question How do the Nationalists (Kuomintang) plan to eliminate the Communist party? 2. How is Communism altered in China? 3. What event helps to solidify Mao Zedong’s power in the Communist party? 1.

Taishō (1912 -1926) and Shōwa (1926 -1989) o o o Fully industrialized after 1931: expanded factories, shipbuilding, and agricultural output. War and depression present challenges aggressive foreign policy by government controlled by the military. o Militarization of Japan o Entered WWI; pursues German-held islands in Pacific and China. o Japan proposed Twenty-One Demands to China o Would have reduced China to a protectorate. 1932: Army officers murdered the prime minister of Japan.

o o Rise of Fascism: authoritarian, nationalist regime o Italy: Benito Mussolini emerged in 1919, formed Fascist Party, and aimed to restore Italy to height of its past. o o Attacked the weakness of democracy, the corruption of capitalism, and took control of the economy to reduce social friction. 1922 -1945: Ruled as Prime Minister Argued a corporate state would replace both capitalism and socialism with a new national unity. Eliminated opponents; directed nationalist propaganda; begins government-directed economic programs; promoted aggressive foreign policy o 1935: Mussolini attacked and won Ethiopia; League of Nations condemned this but did not take action. Spain: Francisco Franco brings fascist party (Falange) to power through the Spanish Civil War (1936 -1939) o Franco, the general of the Spanish military, won after three years of fighting.

o o Rise of Nazism The impact of the Depression and German humiliation post WWI led to the rise of a new fascist regime in Germany. o Hitler waned to recoup Germany after WWI o Totalitarianism: government that exercises massive control over virtually all of its citizens’ actions; state should provide guidance and return to tradition Hitler wanted unity, and a strong leader under a centralized state who would attack what he claimed were Jewish influences in Germany. The Gestapo, or secret police, arrested political opponents. 1933: The National Socialist, or Nazi, regime in Germany was led by Adolf Hitler. o o o Hitler blamed Jews for excessive capitalism and for weakening German spirit (anti-Semitism) o Post-1940 s: pursues literal and complete elimination of Jews.

o o o o Timeline of Hitler’s Rise 1933: Hitler set up totalitarian state. 1935: Rearms Germany against Treaty of Versailles 1938: Anschluss (unification with Austria) 1938: Munich Conference leads to policy of appeasement (GB and Fr have Germany promise not to take more territory) 1939: Hitler annexes Czechoslovakia 1939: Nonaggression pact with Soviet Union September 1, 1939: Hitler attacked Poland begins WWII

o o New Nations in Central Europe New nations created from Treaty of Versailles Many began with Western-style parliaments but could not maintain them during economic difficulties. o o Tension between leftists who want to emulate Soviet Union’s communist regime and rightists who sought authoritarian government to restore national honor. Authoritarianism arrived in most eastern European nations. Rivalries between small eastern European nations were frequent. Most remained primarily agricultural with mostly peasants.

Quick Review Question Describe fascism. 2. What three countries in Europe develop large fascist parties? 3. List some early events that gained Hitler power. 1.