Chapter 29 APUSH Mrs Price The important thing

Chapter 29 APUSH Mrs. Price “The important thing is not to stop questioning. ” - Albert Einstein http: //yeli. us/Flash/Fire. html

The Marshall Plan To rebuild Europe n $12. 5 billion in 4 years to 16 countries n Produced economic miracle in Europe n Reasons: economic interest & to stop communism n

Marshall Plan aid sent to European countries

International Organizations International Monetary Fund (IMF) 1944 n World Bank 1944 n United Nations 1945 n

The Cold War Between the US & the USSR n Began in mid 1940 s and lasted until 1991 n Roots in Wartime Diplomacy n

Wartime Diplomacy 1943 Casablanca: no second front n 1943 Teheran: dispute over Poland n USSR could annex some Polish territory n Issue: govt in independent Poland – two govts claimed legitimacy n n 1945 Yalta: dispute over Germany USSR wants reparations n Divide Germany & Berlin into 4 zones n Agreed to plan for UN n

Communism Spreads in Europe n Communist govts in: Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, & Albania

Soviet position: USSR needed a buffer against invasion n Western position: concerned about spread of communism; wanted self-determination & open markets n

Conflict over Germany was divided into 4 zones controlled by France, Britain, US, & USSR after war n USSR wanted reparations; other Allies refused n US wanted to reunite Germany; refused to collect reparations (Potsdam Conference: Truman, Churchill, & Stalin) n

Berlin Airlift 1948: Stalin imposed blockade around Western Berlin n US-led airlift to aid city lasted over 10 months; Stalin lifts blockade in spring 1949 n

Division of Germany n n n Oct 1949 Federal Republic (west) Democratic Republic (east)

Containment Doctrine 1947 n Creator: George Kennan n Asserted USSR was expansionist; US should contain it n Impacted US policy throughout Cold War n Example: Truman Doctrine n

Truman Doctrine 1947 n Soviets showed interest in Greece & Turkey n US gave $400 million in military & economic aid n

Impact of Cold War n Creation of new security apparatus in US: National Security Act of 1947 Department of Defense n National Security Council n Central Intelligence Agency n Joint Chiefs of Staff n

Created Blocs in Int’l Community NATO (1949): attack on one member by an aggressor would be an attack on all; standing military force in Europe n Warsaw Pact (1955): military alliance for the defense of the communist states of Eastern Europe n

Led to an Arms Race 1946: Atomic Energy Commission created n Sept 1949: Soviets test 1 st atomic bomb n 1950: Truman approves development of hydrogen bomb; created 1952 n NSC-68 (1950): US must stop communist expansion no matter where; called for expansion of US military power n

National Defense Budget [1940 -1964]

Election of 1948 Divisions in Democratic Party n Candidates: n Truman (D) n Dewey (R) n Thurmond (Dixiecrat) n Wallace (Progressive) n n Truman wins

Korean War [1950 -1953] Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”

Korean War Korea was divided in half after WWII (38˚ Parallel); North became communist n June 24, 1950: North Korean Army invaded South Korea n

June 27: Truman orders troops into Korea commanded by Mac. Arthur (most UN troops made up of US) n Congress never declared war – police action n

N. Koreans forced back across border; Mac. Arthur pursues n Nov 1950: China enters the war – drives UN forces out of N. Korea, move into S. Korea n March 1951: UN armies regain most of lost territory = stalemate n

The Shifting Map of Korea [1950 -1953]

n n n Mac. Arthur wants to attack China; is relieved of his command by Truman Peace talks begin July 1951; armistice signed 1953 More than 54, 000 US deaths

Second Red Scare Fear of communist subversion n House Unamerican Activities Committee (HUAC): 1947 n Investigated if govt had tolerated communist subversion n Targeted Hollywood – led to Hollywood Blacklist n Committee blacklisted 500 actors, directors, writers and producers whom they believed had communist connections n

Anti. Communist propaganda during the Red Scare

Alger Hiss n n n Young diplomat Accused of turning state secrets over to USSR Found guilty of perjury

Government Actions Federal Loyalty Program: reviewed loyalty of federal employees n Mc. Carran Int’l Security Act (1950): required all communist groups to register with the govt n

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg Accused of passing secrets of the atomic bomb to USSR n Found guilty & executed n

Joseph Mc. Carthy n n Senator Claimed there were 205 Communists in State Dept Ruined careers Brought down when he began to accuse members of US Army

Election of 1952 n n Dem: Adlai Stevenson Rep: Eisenhower Nixon: Checkers Speech Eisenhower & Republicans won control of Congress