CHAPTER 28 VETERINARY CAREERS Bovine Canine Carcass Equine

CHAPTER 28 VETERINARY CAREERS Bovine Canine Carcass Equine Feline Immunize Parasite Quarantine Theriogenology Vaccination Veterinary Journal question: What role do pets play in supporting mental wellness? Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 1

Chapter 28 Learning Objectives Define at least 10 terms relating to veterinary care. Specify the role of selected veterinary workers, including personal qualities, levels of education, and credentialing requirements. Describe the function of the veterinary team. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 2

Chapter 28 Learning Objectives Identify the functions that animals serve in the daily life of humans. Identify at least three characteristics of a healthy animal. Identify at least five signs of disorders in animals. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 3

Chapter 28 Learning Objectives Identify at least five methods of restraint for care or examination of animals. Describe at least five disorders affecting animals. Identify at least three methods of assessment of disorders in animals. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 4

Careers in Veterinary Care The purpose of animal health care is to prevent illness and provide care for sick and injured animals. Veterinary health care offers a variety of settings to work in, such as private practice, public health, research, zoos, circuses, and racetracks. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 5

Veterinarian Specialties in veterinarian medicine Ø Ø Ø Anesthesiology Dental Dermatology Internal medicine Laboratory animal medicine Microbiology Neurology Ophthalmology Pathology Preventative medicine Radiology Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 6

Veterinarian Specialties in veterinarian medicine Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Surgery Reproduction (theriogenology) Toxicology Veterinary practice Zoo medicine poultry Behavior Pharmacology Nutrition Emergency care Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 7

Veterinarian Education College or university degree Ø 4 -year accredited veterinary college Ø • Doctor of veterinary medicine (DVM) • Veterinarian medical degree (VMD) Ø Written and oral examination necessary for licensure • Veterinarians who work in research have additional doctoral degree. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 8

Veterinary Technician (VT) Works in research settings, private clinics, food inspection, and laboratories Performs research under the supervision of a veterinarian, scientist, or senior technologist Administers medication and prepares laboratory samples Education Minimum of 2 years of college-level vocational training Ø Certification, registration, or licensure required in most states Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9

Veterinary Careers: Educational Cost and Earnings Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by

Veterinary Assistant Maintains clean environment for animals Prepares animals for treatment Bathes and grooms animals Maintains daily records Training Ø On-the-job training or vocational program Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 11

Veterinary Assistant Maintaining the kennel or cage Needs to be cleaned and disinfected at least once daily Ø Living quarters should be well ventilated and kept at a comfortable temperature. Ø Animals need fresh food, water, and exercise. Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 12

Veterinary Assistant Bathing and grooming an animal Restraint may be necessary. Ø Skin and coat need to be observed. • Any unusual finding should be reported to the Ø veterinarian. Ø Animal is wetted thoroughly with warm water before soap is applied. • Soap should be prevented from entering the animal’s eyes. Animal is rinsed thoroughly and dried. Ø Nails may be clipped during the procedures. Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 13

Animal Caretaker Animal caretakers may work in some of the following settings: Ø Ø Ø Kennel Stable Shelter Pet shop Wildlife Performs daily care and assessment Training Ø On-the-job training or home study program Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 14

Animal Breeder Raises animals, using selective breeding to maintain or improve the traits of existing breeds and to develop new breeds Provides all care for animals until buyer takes them Education Ø Ø On-the-job training Many breeders have a 4 -year college or university degree in animal science. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 15

Marine Biologist Studies plant and animal life in saltwater environments May study one species or the effect of environmental influences on a specific ecological area Education 4 -year college or university degree in botany or zoology Ø Master’s or doctorate degree from a university Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 16

Animals as Pets Animals kept for companionship are called pets. Birthrate of domestic animals is a serious problem in United States. Ø Neutering Ø Euthanasia • Spaying (females) • Orchiectomy (males) • Injection of an anesthetic drug, which is quick and painless Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 17

Animals in Health Care Pet therapy Ø Becoming an accepted treatment in many health care settings for physically and mentally ill patients Animal research Animals are used to test cosmetics and other products before human use is approved. Ø Use of animal organs Ø • Surgical transplants of animal or organ tissues have been attempted • Baboon heart • More than 20 million animals are used by research labs Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 18

Animals in Health Care Surgical transplantation of animal organs has been attempted. 20 million animals are in use by research laboratories. Many are regulated by the National Institutes of Health. Ø Department of Agriculture supervises the standard of care in other locations. Ø Dogs and other animals assist people with disabilities to perform activities of daily living. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 19

Animal Disorders More than 150 diseases (zoonoses) can be transmitted from animals to humans. Anthrax Ø Rabies Ø Cat scratch fever Ø Ringworm Ø Tapeworm Ø Rocky Mountain spotted fever Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 20

Animal Disorders Animal parasites account for many common and deadly of infections. Parasites are small organisms that live in or on a host and cause harm. Ø Animal may need to be quarantined to prevent spread of parasites. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 21

External Parasites Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an

Daily Care and Assessment Procedures for daily care of animals Ø Each animal should be fed regularly • • • Using correct amount of food for the species Fresh water Clean and dry living space Bedding appropriate for the climate Exercise Observation of food and water intake, level of activity, pattern of waste elimination, and behavior Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 23

Daily Care and Assessment Method to assess an animal’s health Alertness of the animal Ø Appetite Ø Condition of coat Ø Eyes and ears clear (should be clean) Ø Nose, membranes of the mouth Ø Posture Ø Vital signs Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 24

Daily Care and Assessment The life of an animal can be saved using the same advanced procedures, such as surgery and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), that are used in humans. Ø Ø Treatment room is cleaned and disinfected Medical asepsis is maintained. • Instruments are scrubbed and placed in an autoclave for sterilization. Ø Restraints may be necessary to examine or treat an animal. • Restraints should not impair the animal’s circulation or respiration. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 25

Daily Care and Assessment Ø Animal births • Called whelping in dogs • Beginning of labor signs (4 to 24 hours before) Restlessness Panting Scratching or tearing • Dystocia (abnormal labor) should be reported to vet. • Each puppy is born in a separate amniotic sac that should be removed after birth. Nose and mouth must be clear of mucus. Umbilicus is tied. • Newborns should nurse or drink milk from the mother within the first 12 hours of life. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 26

CPR and Other Advanced Medical Techniques for Animals FIGURE 28 -6 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other advanced medical techniques can be used to treat animals. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 27

Methods of Restraint FIGURE 28 -7 Methods of restraint. A, Muzzle. B, Twitch. C, Chute.

Venous Blood Collection Sites Site used to collect blood sample depends on the amount of blood needed and type of animal. Sites for dogs and cats Jugular Ø Cephalic Ø Saphenous Ø Sublingual Ø Anterior vena cave Ø Ear Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 29

Fecal Specimen Collection Flotation Mixing fecal material with solutions Ø May be used to find eggs of parasites Ø Direct smear Ø Viewing feces by microscope Fecal solutions can be centrifuged to reveal parasites. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 30

Urine Specimen Collection Methods for collecting urine samples from animals Placing a collecting receptacle under the animal as it voids Ø Catheterization Ø Surgical puncture of the urinary bladder with a sterile needle Ø Continuous, gentle pressure on the bladder of an unconscious animal Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 31

Summary The role of the veterinary assistant and technician is to provide services under the supervision of the veterinarian. Good physical health and interpersonal skills are necessary to work with animals. The function of the veterinary team is to prevent illness and provide care for sick and injured animals. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 32

Summary Some of the functions that animals serve in human life include providing food, companionship, and service. The healthy animal should be alert and responsive. The animal should eat regularly and have a full, glossy coat. The nose should be moist and cool in most animals with normal temperature. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 33

Summary Five signs of a disorder in an animal Ø Ø Ø Abnormal behavior Discharge from a body opening Loss of appetite Difficulty with movement Difficulty with elimination Five restraint methods for care and examination Ø Ø Ø Muzzles Twitches Chutes Bags Snares Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 34

Summary Five disorders that affect animals Heartworm Ø Hepatitis Ø Kennel cough Ø Feline leukemia Ø Distemper Ø Three methods used to assess disorders Palpation Ø Taking vital signs Ø Testing blood specimens Ø Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 35

Review A veterinarian’s education includes: a. A 4 -year college degree b. A 2 -year college degree c. A 4 -year degree and completion of study at a 2 -year veterinary college d. A 4 -year degree and completion of study at a 4 -year veterinary college Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 36

Review A veterinarian’s education includes: a. A 4 -year college degree b. A 2 -year college degree c. A 4 -year degree and completion of study at a 2 -year veterinary college d. A 4 -year degree and completion of study at a 4 year veterinary college Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 37

Review Theriogenology is: a. The study of animal nutrition b. The study of animal reproduction c. The study of animal dentistry d. The study of animal pathology e. The study of animal dermatology Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 38

Review Theriogenology is: a. The study of animal nutrition b. The study of animal reproduction c. The study of animal dentistry d. The study of animal pathology e. The study of animal dermatology Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 39