CHAPTER 26 WWI I LEADING TO WORLD WAR

CHAPTER 26 - WWI I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I II. NEW KIND OF WAR III. WHO WON IV. AFTER EFFECTS V. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

v From 1914 to 1919, World War I erupted in Europe v This “Great War” was the largest, most destructive war the world had yet seen WORLD WAR I

I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I * The Industrial Revolution led to imperialism around the world – a fight for colonies * Europeans believed that to be great, nations had to have strong militaries * Competition over new colonies led to increased anger between European countries.

I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I

I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I • From 1870 to 1914, a number of developments gradually increased tensions among the European powers that led to the outbreak of World War I The causes of World War I MILITARISM ALLIANCES IMPERIALISM NATIONALISM

I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I MILITARISM * The Industrial Revolution led to large, advanced militaries in Europe

I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I MILITARISM • As a result, an arms race began among European nations, especially between Britain & Germany • Nations glorified military power & kept an army prepared for war (called militarism)

I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I ALLIANCES • Germany, Italy, & Austria-Hungary made up the Triple Alliance • England, France, & Russia formed the Triple Entente • Growing rivalries among nations led to the formation of two military alliances that threatened to draw European nations into war

I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I ALLIANCES CENTRAL POWERS A Triple Alliance was signed between Otto Von • Austria-Hungary • Azerbaijan Democratic Bismarck, from Republic Germany, Italy and the Austria-Hungary empire • Bulgaria • Germany • German colonial empire • After World War I broke out, Italy decided not to • Ottoman Empire (including Kurds, Chechens, Circassians, fight for the Central Azeris, Arabs) Powers. • Bosnia •

I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I ALLIANCES • The Triple Entente was a pact signed between France, Russia and Britain. • With The Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance forming – sides were aligning for War. • • • ALLIED POWERS Belgium * Portugal Brazil * Russia China * Romania Cuba * United Kingdom France * colonial Greece powers Italy * United States Japan * Serbia Liberia Nepal

I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I IMPERIALISM • European nations competed fiercely for colonies in Africa & Asia • Competition for colonies often pushed Europeans to the brink of war England & France argued over rights to the Sudan Germany & France almost went to war three times over Morocco Germany, England, Russia argued over building a railroad in India

I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I NATIONALISM • Rivalries due to militarism & imperialism increased nationalism among European powers British propaganda poster, 1897 Austrian national poster, 1900

I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I NATIONALISM • While nationalism unified people in the powerful nations, it was dividing people in weakening empires Slavic people in Serbia wanted to unify all Slavs but Austria-Hungary opposed giving up the largely Slavic territories Bosnia & Herzegovina

I. LEADING TO WORLD WAR I NATIONALISM • Serbia, Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, & Romania broke from the Ottoman Empire to create new nations The Balkans became a “powder keg” waiting for a spark to blow up

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR * Serbians vowed * On June 28, 1914, the Austroto take Bosnia & Hungarian Archduke Franz Herzegovina Ferdinand & his wife were from Austriaassassinated by a Serbian Hungary terrorist http: //youtu. be/los 6 obv. Bbq. U http: //youtu. be/-E 6 e 8 BW 0 l-E

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR * On July 23, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia: turn over conspirators & allow an investigation…OR…go to war * These events set off a chain reaction that started World War I * When Serbia balked at some of the terms, Austria-Hungary declared war on July 28, 1914

I. I NEW KIND OF WAR On August 4, 1914, England Austria-Hungary On August 1, 3, 1914, On August 1914, Russia mobilized for war declared on war on Germany & Italy backed out of its Germany declared war …and joined Germany declared war to protect Serbia & its. Russia ally Austria-Hungary agreement with. Russia Germany on the Allies on France & Austria-Hungary… http: //youtu. be/-3 Uj. J 5 kxi. LI On July 28, 1914, Serbia declined the ultimatum World War I had begun

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR • When the war began, Germany’s biggest problem was the potential of fighting on two fronts http: //youtu. be/u. MRl. SRRj 0 FI • Germany’s solution was the Schlieffen Plan which involved quickly defeating France in the West… …then sending troops to the East before Russia was fully mobilized for war

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR • Because the Schlieffen Plan failed, the Central Powers were forced to fight a two-front war • The fighting between Germany & France was known as the Western Front • By 1915, the war settled into a stalemate as each side fortified their positions with trenches • The fighting between Germany & Russia was known as the Eastern Front

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats. These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR • New weapons were invented to try to gain an advantage & win the war Machine guns

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR Long-range artillery

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR Tanks

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR Airplanes & zeppelins

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR Flamethrowers & grenade launchers

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR Poison gas

Submarines

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR • New weapons killed soldiers more effectively; During World War I, 8. 5 million soldiers died & 21 million were wounded

Ii. NEW KIND OF WAR • To keep Germany from trading with other nations, Britain used its navy to blockade Europe • German u-boat attacks played a role in bringing the USA into World War I • Germany responded by using unrestricted submarine warfare to attack the British navy & any merchant ships supplying the Allies

When World War I began in 1914, the United States remained neutral… …But, the USA was pulled into the war by 1917 As a neutral nation, the USA was trading with the Allies during the war Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare led to attacks on U. S. merchant ships & British passenger ships President Woodrow Wilson demanded “freedom of the seas” but Germany refused

Americans were outraged in May 1915 when a German u-boat sank the British ship Lusitania killing 1, 200 people including 128 Americans

America’s anger with Germany increased in 1917 after the discovery of the Zimmerman Telegram Germany knew that u-boat attacks would eventually bring the USA into war Germany proposed that Mexico attack the USA in exchange for the return of Texas, New Mexico, Arizonawere Americans outraged

On April 2, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany & entered the war

The arrival of millions of But in November 1917, American soldiers in 1918 Russia signed a peace & gave a boost the Allies exited the war

By 1918, the Central Powers But, the Allies were running out of supplies & halted the attack tried a massive attack into & pushed back France. Empire, & Austria. Bulgaria, Ottoman Hungary surrendered in October 1918 On November 11, 1918 Germany agreed to an armistice (ceasefire) & World War I finally came to an end

Iv. After effects • Homes, farms, towns were destroyed; The war cost $338 billion & most national treasuries were empty

In 1919, representatives The conference was from 32 nations attended led by the “Big Four”: the Paris Peace Conference Britain, France, Italy, to write a treaty to end the & the United States war Neither Germany nor any of. French the Central U. S. President Premier Powers were allowed to attend…Russia could Woodrow Wilson George Clemenceau not attend because they already quit World Italian Prime Minister British Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando War I David Lloyd George Iv. After effects

• Iv. After Britain & France effects wanted to weaken Germany so it could never go to war again • Britain & France wanted Germany to accept full blame, pay reparations, & lose all overseas colonies • U. S. President Woodrow Wilson disagreed these harsh punishments for Germany. French Premier British Prime Minister David Lloyd George Clemenceau • President Wilson presented Italian Prime Minister his own peace proposal known as U. S. President Vittorio Orlando. Points Woodrow Wilson the Fourteen

• Iv. They agreed on the Treaty After effects of Versailles • The major provisions of the Versailles Treaty included: • A League of Nations that would serve as an international organization to keep peace among nations • The League covenant included an agreement that all member nations would work together to stop future acts of aggression

The terms Iv. After effectsof the treaty severely punished Germany had to Germany was forced to sign the give up land in “war guilt clause” accepting all Europe & all of its blame for the war & pay $33 overseas colonies billion in reparations to the Allies The German military was reduced to 100, 000 troops, 6 warships, no submarines, & could not manufacture war equipment

In addition, thefrom Treaty of Versailles Land was taken Germany to Ottoman Empire was Iv. After effects Central Europe was redrew the map of Europe & the Middle create Poland; The German-French divided; Britain & redrawn to reduce the Eastcreated New nations were border was demilitarized to avoidgained a France power of the Austrofrom territories that Russia in the Middle future invasion mandates Hungarian Empire gave up when it left the war East early The mandates gave Britain Europe & the & France control over oil Middle East & After World War resources in. Before the Middle

The terms Iv. After effectsof the Versailles Treaty caused problems & bitterness in many nations, especially Germany The Treaty of Versailles was said to be a “peace built on quicksand” The treaty did not address the M. A. I. N. causes of WWI High unemployment & desire for revenge would lead to aggressive dictators in the 1920 s & 1930 s