Chapter 26 THE TURBULENT SIXTIES Election of 1960
Chapter 26 THE TURBULENT SIXTIES
Election of 1960 Republican Candidate Richard Nixon Ike’s Vice President for 8 years Democrat Candidate John F. Kennedy Congressman and Senator TV Plays a Role
New Voices, New Authorities Though it was formative for many, the Civil Rights Movement was only one of many challenges to American culture in the 1960 s. Small political movements burst onto a larger stage © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Books, Films, Music Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring Michael Harrington’s The Other America Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique Stanley Kubrick’s Dr. Strangelove The music of Bob Dylan, The Grateful Dead, and Jimi Hendrix © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Student Movement of the 1960 s Students for a Democratic Society Battle the “Establishment” Free Speech Movement University of California at Berkeley, 1964 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Camelot, the White House, and Dallas — The Kennedy Administration John F. Kennedy, the second youngest president A new generation was in charge “Camelot” © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War John F. Kennedy a "Cold Warrior" Kennedy advisors supported U. S. hard line against Russia
Flexible Response Arms buildup Conventional armed forces The nuclear arsenal Special Forces U. S. strength tempted new administration to challenge U. S. S. R.
Crisis over Berlin 1961: Khrushchev renewed threat again to give Berlin to East Germany Kennedy’s response Announce crisis on nationwide television Call up the National Guard Soviets built Berlin Wall
Containment in Southeast Asia Kennedy saw Southeast Asia as focus of U. S. -Soviet rivalry Supported Saigon’s Diem regime Sent 16, 000 American military "advisors" November, 1963: Coup against Diem Kennedy accepted Coup further destabilized South Vietnam U. S. involvement in Vietnam deepened
Containing Castro: The Bay of Pigs Fiasco Kennedy supported “anti-Castro forces in exile” Bay of Pigs invasion a part of 1960 CIA plan under Eisenhower April, 17 1961: Invasion 1, 400 Cuban exiles land without expected U. S. military support Defeated within 48 hours Kennedy took responsibility in defiant speech against “communist penetration”
Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis October, 1962: Soviet nuclear missiles confirmed in Cuba Planned to blockade, invade Cuba U. S. imposed naval blockade, world appeared to be on the brink of nuclear war Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in exchange for public statement that U. S. would not invade Cuba and private assurance that U. S. Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed
Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis Political Kennedy’s popularity soared Democrats gained in Congressional elections Diplomatic effects Moderation of the Cold War Russians began naval, nuclear buildup
The New Frontier at Home Kennedy staff competent, activist Seeks legislative and economic reform JFK the administration's greatest asset Congressional Obstacle Congress controlled by Southern Democrat- Republican coalition Coalition blocked far-reaching reform Kennedy did not challenge Congress
Economic Advance Economic stimulation Increased space and defense spending Informal wage and price guidelines 1962: U. S. Steel forced to lower prices 1963: Tax cut spurred one of the longest sustained advances in U. S. history Kennedy's economic policies doubled growth, cut unemployment
Moving Slowly on Civil Rights Downplay civil rights legislation to avoid alienating Southern Democrats May, 1961: Federal marshals sent to protect Birmingham freedom riders 1962: Federal marshals, National Guard to University of Mississippi 1963: Deputy attorney general faced down George Wallace at University of Alabama
"I Have a Dream" May, 1963: Violent police suppression of nonviolent protestors in Birmingham Kennedy intervened on side of blacks Congress asked for civil-rights laws August, 1963: MLK led march on Washington Kennedy record disappointing to supporters, ultimately effective
Trip to Dallas Nov. 22, 1963, JFK was in Texas campaigning for the upcoming 1964 election. - On his way to a luncheon, he was shot twice as he rode in his convertible through downtown Dallas. - Officials say Lee Harvey Oswald shot Kennedy from behind from the Texas School Book Depository -
JFK Videos Where were you? https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 Z- 6 UC 0 j. GQk&safe=active The Assassination http: //www. history. com/topics/us-presidents/john-f- kennedy/videos/john-f-kennedy-assassinated Magic Bullet https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=DSBXW 1 - VGm. M&safe=active
"Let Us Continue" November 22, 1963: JFK assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald Lyndon Johnson promised to continue Kennedy's programs Johnson ultimately exceeded Kennedy’s record on economic, racial equality
Johnson in Action Poor image on television Effective manager of Congress Spring, 1964: Kennedy's tax cut passed July 2: Civil Rights Act Banned public segregation Established Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to lessen job discrimination Protected voting rights Amended to include women in an attempt to reduce support for it
The Election of 1964: Johnson launched “war on poverty” to Programs included Head Start, Job Corps, Community Action Programs Encouraged self-help Reduced poverty Johnson won landslide election against Republican Barry Goldwater
The Triumph of Reform 1965: Great Society legislation advanced beyond New Deal Medicare Medicaid Elementary and Secondary Education Act Voting Rights Act
African American Voter Registration Before and After Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1964
The Supreme Court and Reform Defendants’ rights in criminal cases Gideon vs. Wainwright, Esobedo vs. Iliionois, Miranda vs. Arizona Legislative reapportionment of states 1962: Baker vs. Carr establishes "one man, one vote" Greater social justice achieved Rights of the underprivileged protected Dissent and free expression protected Engle vs. Vitale banned school prayer
The Vietnam War Background and WWII The French had controlled what is now Vietnam before WWII. During the War the Japanese took control of the region. During the war we backed Ho Chi Mien and the Viet Minh who were fighting against the Japanese. After the war the French moved back in but the Viet Minh wanted independence.
The French and United States By 1953 the U. S. was funding 80% of the French cost. They were sending the troops. The Viet Minh attacked the large French force at Dein Bien Phu and forced a surrender on May 7, 1954. With several more Viet Minh wins and a peace conference in July 1954, the French gave the communist the north by splitting the country at the 17 th parallel. We didn’t want the dominos to fall so we supported the French in the south.
North vs. South Ho Chi Mien was the leader in the north – Ngo Dinh Diem was the leader in the south Diem didn’t hold the elections in 1956 because Ho would have won. We started sending “military advisors”
History Detective What is happening in this picture? When, where, and by who was the picture taken? Why did this person set himself on fire? In your opinion, what impact would this protest suicide have?
Kennedy and the war By July 1962, Kennedy had sent 6, 419 advisors. By late 1963, there were 16, 000 were “in country” Ngo was no good and in 1963, we turned our backs while the military overthrew and killed him. This cause more instability and brought China and the USSR to aid the North.
Johnson and the War ▫ Couldn’t appear weak on Communism. Needed support for the “Great Society” ▫ By summer of 1964, Johnson was starting to send troops to fight the war. ▫ Gulf of Tonkin In Aug of 1964, North Vietnamese fired on American war -ships in the Gulf. Johnson used this to call for unlimited power in fighting the war. Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin resolution authorizing the President to “take all necessary steps” to prevent further aggression.
Johnson’s Second Thoughts Johnson saw the war was going to be long and costly Johnson sent fact-finding group to Saigon in Feb. of 1965. While there, the Viet Cong (communist guerrillas in the south) attacked the American advisory force and the U. S. headquarters at Pleiku. This brought more American involvement. March 2, 1965, 50, 000 new troops were sent in.
Different Kind of War We didn’t know who we were fighting. All Vietnamese look the same. We had to “search and destroy” the communist. We use “carpet bombing”, napalm, and Agent Orange. They used tunnels and sneak attacks. Johnson kept telling the American people it was almost over. We were winning.
CARPET BOMBING NAPALM ATTACK
A Tet Like no Other TET - Vietnamese Lunar New Year Jan. 30, 1968 The Viet Cong attacked American bases all over South Vietnam. They got into the U. S. Embassy Militarily the communist were defeated but they showed the American that the war was not almost over.
Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War Hawkish foreign policy continued 1965: Troops sent to Dominican Republic Determined not to "lose" Vietnam to the Communists
Escalation U. S. effort intended to bring Hanoi into peace negotiations Policy of secrecy and deceit to assure Americans of Vietnam’s insignificance and keep Vietnam from endangering the Great Society Johnson’s “sins” in Vietnam were secrecy, deceit, and the refusing to admit he had committed U. S. to dangerous conflict
U. S. Troop Levels in Vietnam (as of Dec. 31 each year)
Stalemate 1968: 500, 000 U. S. troops in Vietnam War of attrition increased American losses, enraged South Vietnamese Johnson’s tactics failed to win the war Americans gradually turned against the war
Years of Turmoil Exceptional unrest at home Continued escalation of Vietnam war
Vietnam Undermines Lyndon Johnson 1968: Tet Offensive led to conclusion that Vietnam war cannot be won March: Johnson announced he will not seek another term as president
"Black Power" 1964– 1967: Riots in northern cities Rise of militant leaders Black separatism Armed struggle
Last Days of Dr. King By the late 1960’s, Dr. was speaking out against the war in Vietnam He also was starting to focus on poverty. Purposed “Poor Peoples Campaign”
Memphis Sanitation workers strike Garbage men in Memphis were on strike. King saw this issue as part of his campaign against poverty. Went several time to support the workers
The Last Days When King was in Memphis, he usually stayed at the black owned Lorraine Motel. He was staying here on his visit in April 1968.
The Student Revolt 1964: Student protest movement launched at Berkeley Challenged older generation’s materialism Vietnam War targeted Widespread cultural uprising Students for a Democratic Society fullest expression of student revolt
Protesting the Vietnam War October, 1967: 100, 000 protesters besieged the Pentagon Demonstrations suppressed by a combination of force, concessions
The Cultural Revolution Rejection of older values through Sexual expression Clothing Drugs Music Some extremism provoked outrage Serious challenge to hypocrisy of American society
Ethnic Nationalism Multiple groups emulated African American movement 1965: César Chávez organized National Farm Workers' Association Chicanos won federal mandate for bilingual education
Women's Liberation 1963: Friedan's The Feminine Mystique New feminist activism 1964 Civil Rights Act used to attack inequality in employment Pro-choice advocacy on abortion Sought to toughen enforcement of rape laws 1972: Congress sent Equal Rights Amendment to the states
The Return of Richard Nixon 1968: A year of turmoil Presidential election Turning point in the Vietnam War Massive protests in the streets Richard Nixon election demonstrated desire for national reconciliation
The Democrats Divide Rivals Minnesota Senator Eugene Mc. Carthy Robert Kennedy Party leaders favored Hubert Humphrey Kennedy assassinated during campaign 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago besieged by antiwar protestors Democrats wounded in public opinion
The Republican Resurgence Republicans united on Richard Nixon George Wallace’s third party candidacy drew Democratic votes Nixon won narrow victory
The End of an Era Election of 1968 ended 30 -year era of liberal reform, activist foreign policy Americans sought less intrusive government
Reading questions for Landslide: LBJ and Ronald Reagan at the Dawn of a New America Book Review How did Ronald Reagan differ from Barry Goldwater, in message and style? According to Wilentz, who really capitalized on the antiliberal backlash on the 1960’s? According to Wilentz, what opens the door for Reagan to rise as the conservative leader? What are the competing “utopian legacies” of LBJ and Ronald Reagan? According to Wilentz, what really led to the backlash of against 1960’s liberalism and what kind of people made up this backlash? How would the modern day Republican Party regard Reagan? Why?
Johnson Drops Out This opened the door for peace Democrats. The party was split. Robert Kennedy looked like he may be the Democratic nominee but is assassinated. Richard Nixon was the Republican nominee. Hubert Humphrey wins the Democrat Nomination.
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